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Fingerprints
Posted Date:
25 Apr 2008
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Posted By: SRIMATHI
Member Level: Diamond Posted Date: 25 Apr 2008
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Concepts:
Many areas of scientific study involve the collection of large amounts of data. Such data must be organized in order to be useful.
Even the youngest scientists can invent useful systems of classification.
Facts:
The patterns of ridges on our finger pads are unique: no two individuals—even identical twins—have fingerprints that are exactly alike.
We leave impressions—or prints—of these patterns on everything we touch with any pressure.
The prints can be visible, as when our fingers are dirty or oily, or they can be latent, as when they are made only by the sweat that is always present on our finger ridges.
Injuries such as burns or scrapes will not change the ridge structure: when new skin grows in, the same pattern will come back.
Dactyloscopy is the practice of using fingerprints to identify someone.
Principles:
Fingerprints can be classified by pattern types, by the size of those patterns, and by the position of the patterns on the finger.
Skills:
Observing
Comparing and contrasting
Classifying
Materials:
3x5-inch index cards, at least two per participant
pencils and a sharpener
transparent tape; 3/4-inch is better than 1/2-inch
good lighting
hand magnifiers—nice to have but not essential
Methods:
There are three methods you can use for taking prints:
Not recommended: actual rubber-stamp ink pads—too much damage to clothing and surroundings likely
Easiest and cheapest: rubbing pencil all over a small area of paper or index card to make an “ink” pad, pressing fingers onto the penciled area,lifting prints from fingers with transparent tape, and sticking tape to white index cards for reading
High-tech, neat, and not too expensive: using purchased Identiprint materials.
Identiprint is a commercial system used by retail merchants to put customers’ thumbprints on the backs of their checks without making an inky mess. Special “ink” pads and self-stick labels take a dark, clear print without leaving any visible residue on the thumb. I found supplies by searching the Web for “Identiprint.” A dealer took a telephone order for a roll of 500 labels and a dozen pads, at a cost of less than $35 in 10/97, which I received some ten days later. You may also ask a high-volume retail merchant near you to donate a small supply for classroom use. Experimentation has shown us, however, that the pencil method is actually easier to use—if harder to read.
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Preparation
Room Preparation
Very little: have desks or tables to work at and good lighting
Safety Precautions
None—unless you choose to use regular ink pads! In that case, have soap and water and washcloths on hand for clean-ups and expect a mess, as ink will get onto faces, clothing, and surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide may help to save clothing.
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Procedures and Activity
Introduction
Ask the guiding question: Can we invent a way to classify fingerprints?
If you want to use fingerprints to solve crimes, you must have a way to describe and sort and find prints that are similar to the one you find at a crime scene. The FBI has over 200 million prints on file; they can’t look through every single one to find a match!
Today we are going to look at some of our fingerprints and see how we might sort them into categories, just as fingerprint specialists do.
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Activity
Divide participants into groups of 2-6
If using graphite pads, have everyone rub a pencil over the central part of an index card until it is covered with graphite.
Give everyone another card for recording his/her prints and have them write their names on the lined side and turn it over.
If using Identiprint, put two stickers on each card.
Each participant will be making prints of the index finger and the middle finger of the same hand. Begin by asking who is right- or left-handed and tell them to use that hand.
Note to participants that they want to make prints not of their fingertips but of the pads of their fingers, near the joint crease, because that is where the most interesting patterns are.
If using Identiprint, printmaking is best done with a partner: Roll the pad of your finger very gently on the “ink” pad and then let your partner roll it slowly and very gently on the label. This is most easily done right at the edge of your table or desk. You do not need to press hard at all; if you do, you will get a black smudge with very little readable pattern. You can do the whole procedure yourself, but it usually comes out clearer with a partner’s help.
If using graphite pads, press and roll your finger firmly on the penciled area, then stick a short piece of tape to the finger pad area, pressing down thoroughly, remove the tape and press it onto your print record card.
Immediately label your print “L” or “R” for left or right hand and “I” or “M” for index or middle finger.
Repeat procedure for the second finger. Do it over until you get two good prints.
After all prints are made and labeled, have partners in each group compare their prints for similarities and differences.
Are the two prints from the same hand more alike than prints from different people? How?
What kinds of patterns do they see? Help them give names to the patterns (circles, triangles, curvy lines)
After some time, give them the handout with examples of “official” names for patterns (loops, whorls, and arches).
What are the positions of those patterns on the finger (how close they are to the joint line)?
In which direction do the loops curve—toward the thumb or toward the pinkie finger? (Remember that taped prints are like looking at your finger palm-up and inked prints are mirror images. It may be easier to ask whether they curve toward the right or left of the card.)
Compare the size of those patterns (such as how many ridges make up a loop).
Note that, while scars, such as the white line on one of the sample prints in this lesson, are the easiest patterns to see, they cannot be used either for classification or identification. They are not unique in the way that ridge patterns are, and they also change over time—making them unreliable for these purposes.
Divide the participants up by patterns, either grouping them physically or grouping their cards by pattern.
Ask how you might look most efficiently for a particular pattern. For example: “In which of these groups would I look for a loop that leans to the left? Would it make sense to look through the whorls?”
Which is the most common pattern? You may wish to graph results, or to figure fractional or percentage representation of each type.
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Evaluation
Closing - Original Question
Ask again:
How can fingerprints be classified?
How would classification make it easier to match one print against a database of many?
Look for evidence of a plan to search systematically: for example, to look through the left-leaning loops with eight ridges that are close to the finger joint.
Final Note: Fingerprints are a very personal kind of information; let participants take their prints home with them.
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Extension Ideas
If you have time, there are many ways to further investigate both fingerprints and classification.
You can create a mock “crime scene” with a single print from one of your group and time participants while they find a match by examining every single print. Then duplicate another mystery print and your complete database of prints for teams. First, let them take as long as they like to classify the prints, and then time them again to see who can find a match for the mystery print most quickly using their classification system. How do their systems vary and why would some be more efficient than others?.
Investigate differences: does age, sex, or race seem to predict type of pattern? Children can compare their prints to those of siblings and parents for evidence of hereditary influence.
Compare finger and toe prints. Investigate pet bird toe prints.
If children can bring in ceremonial birth certificates with their own footprints, how do they compare to their present-day footprints?
There are many sites on the Web related to fingerprinting. Here are a few:
More on fingerprint classification
See Ed German’s Latent Print Examination site, including lots of news and interesting related links, plus his Frequently Asked Questions, including whether fingerprints are inherited
Fingerprint FAQ’s (frequently asked questions, referred to above) - tailored for elementary students, John Q. Public, police officers, and criminals
See the on-line History of Fingerprints
Alternate Handout: the FBI’s two-page introduction to Fingerprint Identification, including clear images of eight pattern types, is available as a PDF file at www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/ident.pdf
For extensive technical information, see the FBI’s on-line Handbook of Forensic Services
Download the FBI’s Latent Print Processing Guide 2000 (70 pages!) in PDF form — also very technical!
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Careers Related to Lesson Topic
Police officer, detective, and special agent
Private detective or investigator
Fire inspector
Lawyer or judge
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Prerequisite Vocabulary
Classify
To sort into groups by likenesses and differences
Latent
Present and not able to be seen but capable of becoming visible. Used to describe fingerprints that are not visible until they are dusted with chalk or other powders, or until they are lit with a laser
Visible
Capable of being seen by the eye without help
For over 100 years, police agencies have had a powerful tool in combating crime. The use of fingerprinting allows crime fighters an extremely accurate means of identification. Other means of identification (such as hair color or style, weight, or eye color) may change, but fingerprints do not.
In earlier civilizations, branding, tattooing, or even maiming was used to mark and identify criminals. Although man had been aware of the fact that each person possessed a unique set of ridges on the fingers and hands, the use of these prints for criminal identification was not accepted until the early 1900s.
The FBI Identification Division was born in 1924, with the receipt of 810,188 fingerprint files, mostly from the Leavenworth Penitentiary. This collection became increasingly important due to the emergence of criminals who regularly crossed state lines.
Currently, the FBI possesses over 250 million sets of fingerprint records. This enormous collection is composed of both criminal and civil prints. The civil file includes the prints of both government employees and applicants for federal jobs.
All standard fingerprint cards are eight-inch square pieces of paper,with a thickness much like that of thin cardboard. At the present time, the FBI receives over 34,000 fingerprint cards each work day. The photograph to the right is an example of a standard FBI fingerprint card.
If all of the fingerprint cards on file with the FBI were piled on top of each other, they would equal one hundred and thirty-three stacks the size of the Empire State Building!
Fingerprints differ from person to person based upon distinctive patterns of ridges. There are seven different finger print patterns used for identification purposes.
Latent fingerprints are difficult to see but can be made visible for examination. Any fingerprint left at a crime scene (as opposed to one which is on a fingerprint card) is known as a latent fingerprint. Latent fingerprints may be left on almost all surfaces, sometimes even on human skin. Numerous techniques are used to make latent prints visible, such as lasers, powders, alternate light sources, and a process known as "glue fuming".
The West Case
For many years, scientists did not use fingerprinting as a serious tool for identifying criminals. Instead, they used a system which recorded the dimensions of certain skeletal body parts (known as the Bertillon System). But in 1903, Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary received a prisoner by the name of Will West.
Shockingly, Will had almost the same Bertillon measurements (as well as appearance) as another prisoner currently serving a life sentence for murder. But even though the two unrelated criminals looked identical, and had similar names, their fingerprints were, of course, different.
Thanks to this remarkable case, fingerprinting became the standard for personal identification. The two inmates are pictured above. Would you have determined the difference?
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