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Computer Architecture two marks
Posted Date: 19 Mar 2008 Resource Type: Articles/Knowledge Sharing Category: Computer & Technology
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Posted By: lokeshwaran k Member Level: Silver
Rating:  Points: 5
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1. Define processor clock and clock rate
Processor clock:
Processor circuits are controlled by a timing signal called processor clock,the clock defines regular time interval called clock cycle.
Clock Rate:
Clock rate,R=1/p cycles/sec(hz)
Where p is length of one clock cycle
2. Explain the relation of throughput with execution and response time
Throughput:
The total amount of work done in a given time
Let us consider 2 cases:
1.) Replacing the processor in a computer with a faster version
2.) Adding additional processor to a system that uses multiple processors for separate task.Ex:Handling an airline reservation systems.
Decreasing response time almost always improves throughput.So,in case 1 both response time & throughput increases.In case2 none of the task gets work done faster,so throughput increases.However, the demand for processing in the 2nd case was almost as large as the throughput,the system might force requests to queue up.Int this case increasing the throughput could also increase the response time,since it would decrease the waiting time in queue.Thus,in many real computer systems,changing either execution time or throughput often affects the other.
3.Define MIPS Rate and Throughput Rate.
MIPS:
One alternative to time as the metric is MIPS(Million Instruction Per Second)
MIPS=Instruction count/(Execution time x1000000).
This MIPS measurement is also called Native MIPS todistinguish it from some alternative definitions of MIPS.
MIPS Rate:
The rate at which the instructions are executed at a given time.
Throughput:
The total amount of work done in a given time.
Throughput rate:
The rate at which the total amount of work done at a given time.
4. What is MFLOPS?What is its significant?
Popular alternative to execution time is Million Floating-point Operations Per Second ,abbreviated megaflops orMFLOPS but always pronounced “megaflops”.The formula for MFLOPS is simply the definition of the acronym:
MFLOPS=Number of floating-point operations in a program/(Execution timex1000000).
A MFLOPS rating is dependent on the program.Different programs require the execution of different number of floatin point operations.Since MFLOPS were intended to measure floating-point performance,they are not applicable outside that range.Compilers,as an extreme example,have aMFLOPS rating near 0 no matter how fast the machine is,because compilers rarely use floating-point arithmetic.
5.Define CPI
The term ClockCyclesPerInstruction Which is the average number of clock cycles each instruction takes to execute, is often abbreviated as CPI.
CPI= CPU clock cycles/Instruction count.
6. State and explain the performance equation?
Suppose that the average number of basic steps needed to execute one machine instruction is S, where each basic step is completed in one clock cycle. If the clock cycle rate is R cycles per second, the program execution time is given by
T = (N x S) / R
This is often referred to as the basic performance equation.
7. What do you mean by aligned and unaligned address?
aligned address:
In the case of 32bit word length, natural word boundaries occur at address 0,4,8…………the word locations have aligned address.
In general, words are said to be aligned in memory if they begin at a byte address that is a multiple of the number of bytes in a word.
FOR EXAMPLE:
If the word length is 16(2bytes), aligned words begin at byte address 0, 2, 4
unaligned address:
There is no fundamental reason why words cannot begin at an arbitrary byte address. The words are said to have unaligned address.
While the most common case is to use aligned address, some computers allow the unaligned word address
8. What is the assembly language notation? Give example.
to represent machine instructions and program. we use assembly Language format.
For example:
The statement specifies an instruction that causes the transfer described above, from memory location LOC to processor registerR1.
Move LOC, R1
The contents of LOC are unchanged by the execution of this instruction, but the old contents of register R1 are overwritten.
The second example of adding two numbers contained in processor registers R1 and R2 and placing their sum in R3 can be specified by the assembly language statement and the assembly language statement can specify R2 and placing their sum inR3.
Add R1, R2, R3.
9. What is straight –line sequencing?
Process of fetching and executing an instruction; one at a time in order of increasing address with the help of information in program counter.
10. Specify the sequence of operation involved when an instruction is executed.
a) Instruction Fetch
b) Instruction Decode
c) Operand Fetch
d) Execute
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