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.net technology
Posted Date: 02 May 2007 Resource Type: Articles/Knowledge Sharing Category: Computer & Technology
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Posted By: mallik Member Level: Bronze
Rating:  Points: 5
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What is .NET?
It is Software development platform in which we can Develop Distributed Web Applications.
.Net is a Technology from Microsoft which is developed for producing internet Applications.
2) What is .NET Framework?
It is the Software Development environment to Build, run, Deploy web Applications.
.net framework is part of .net which contains CLR and Class library.
The .NET Framework is a development and execution environment that allows different programming languages & libraries to work together seamlessly to create Windows-based applications that are easier to build, manage, deploy, and integrate with other networked systems.
3) What are CLR and MSIL?
CLR is nothing but Common language runtime. It is the runtime environment for .net applications. It is the part of .net framework.
The CLR is the execution engine for .NET Framework applications. Our .NET programs don’t directly communicate with the Operating System but through CLR.
Runtime can be considered an agent that manages code at execution time. Thus providing core services such as memory management, security and thread management, and garbage collection.
MSIL is an OS and H/w independent code. When we compile our .Net Programs using any .Net compliant language like(C#, VB.NET, C++.NET) it does not get converted into the executable binary code but to an intermediate code, called MSIL or IL. in short, understandable by CLR.
MSIL is the.net understandable Code, because in .Net there are many languages we can use, any .NET Supported languages are subjected to convert this intermediate language To Convert this into Machine Code. This is developed from
JIT compiler.
4) What is ASP.NET?
ASP.NET is built on the .NET framework, which provides an application program interface (API) for software programmers.
ASP.NET is a set of Web development tools offered by Microsoft.
ASP.NET is a Server side scripting language. In this there are several server controls which we can handle dynamic content and event handling we can handle dyn
5) What Are web services? What is WSDL, SOAP?
Web services are pre defined functions; this functions are platform independent, language independent so that we can use any application.
Software applications written in various programming languages and running on various platforms can use web services to exchange data over computer networks like the Internet in a manner similar to inter-process communication on a single computer.
WSDL is nothing but web service description language; it describes the Web service in XML format.
Web Services Description Language, an XML-formatted language used to describe a Web service's capabilities as collections of communication endpoints capable of exchanging messages. WSDL is an integral part of UDDI, an XML-based worldwide business registry. WSDL is the language that UDDI uses. WSDL was developed jointly by Microsoft and IBM.
Web Services Description Language is the standard format for describing a web service. A WSDL definition describes how to access a web service and what operations it will perform.
SOAP is nothing but simple object access protocol which is used for web service to transfer web service through web over HTTP.
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a lightweight XML based protocol used for invoking web services and exchanging structured data and type information on the Web.
SOAP is an XML-based messaging protocol designed for exchanging formatted data (messages) over the internet.
Using SOAP you can send request and reply messages.
SOAP is simple, easy to use, light weight and completely neutral with respect to operating systems, programming languages, and distributed computing platforms.
6) What is XML?
XML is nothing but extensible mark up language is a text based mark up language which is used to validate, transfer the data. It is platform independent.
7) What is ADO.NET?
ADO.NET is Activex direct object. It provides interface between business layer and data base.
ADO.NET is the primary relational data access model for Microsoft .NET-based applications.
It is a data-access technology that enables applications to connect to data stores and manipulate data contained in them in various ways. It is based on the .NET Framework and it is highly integrated with the rest of the Framework class library.
8) Explain CTS and CLS?
CTS define basic data types that IL understands.
CTS are nothing but Common type System which provides common types to all .net Supported languages like common data types.
CLS is nothing but Common language specification which provides Specifications for all .net supported languages. It deals with language design issues and lays certain standards like there should me no pointers, no multiple inheritances, and no global function declaration.
9) What is an Assembly? What is GAC?
Assembly is nothing but on or more DLL files. It contains IL code, metadata, DLL files.
An assembly is sometimes described as a logical .EXE or .DLL, and can be an application (with a main entry point) or a library. An assembly consists of one or more files (dlls, exes, html files etc), and represents a group of resources, type definitions, and implementations of those types. An assembly may also contain references to other assemblies. These resources, types and references are described in a block of data called a manifest. The manifest is part of the assembly, thus making the assembly self-describing.
Global Assembly Cache is nothing but Storage of Assemblies.
10) Tell me about three tire architecture?
A special type of client/server architecture consisting of three well-defined and separate processes, each running on a different platform:
1. The user interface, which runs on the user's computer (the client).
2. The functional modules that actually process data. This middle tier runs on a server and is often called the application server.
3. A database management system (DBMS) that stores the data required by the middle tier. This tier runs on a second server called the database server.
The three-tier design has many advantages over traditional two-tier or single-tier designs:
• the added modularity makes it easier to modify or replace one tier without affecting the other tiers.
• separating the application functions from the database functions makes it easier to implement load balancing.
Presentation layer (GUI), Business logic, Data Access
Triggers
A set of Structured Query Language (SQL) statements that automatically "fires off" an action when a specific operation, such as changing data in a table, occurs.
A program in a database that gets called each time a row in a table is INSERTED, UPDATED, or DELETED. Triggers allow you to check that any changes are correct, or to fill in missing information before it is committed. Triggers are normally written in PL/SQL or Java.
When we need an action to be done in response to a hit on the database.
Joins
Sometimes we have to select data from two or more tables to make our result complete. We have to perform a join.
INNER JOIN
An inner join essentially finds the intersection between the two tables.
The INNER JOIN returns all rows from both tables where there is a match. If there are rows in First table (Employees) that do not have matches in Second table (Orders), those rows will not be listed.
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Orders
ON Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_ID
LEFT JOIN
The LEFT JOIN returns all the rows from the first table (Employees), even if there are no matches in the second table (Orders). If there are rows in Employees that do not have matches in Orders, those rows also will be listed.
RIGHT JOIN
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
FROM Employees
RIGHT JOIN Orders
ON Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_ID
The RIGHT JOIN returns all the rows from the second table (Orders), even if there are no matches in the first table (Employees). If there had been any rows in Orders that did not have matches in Employees, those rows also would have been listed.
Outer Joins
Outer joins are subdivided further into left outer joins, right outer joins, and full outer joins.
Cross join
While not used very commonly, a cross join is the foundation upon which inner joins are built.
11) What is Session Management?
We need to maintain Reusable Data in Server round trips.
Web form pages are HTTP-Based, they are stateless, which means they don’t know whether the requests are all from the same client, and pages are destroyed and recreated with each round trip to the server, therefore information will be lost, therefore state management is really an issue in developing web applications.
There are two types
1) Client-side session management-view state, Cookies, hidden fields, query strings.
2) Server-side Session management-Application objects, Session objects, Database
Client-side state management summary
Method Use when
Cookies You need to store small amounts of information on the client and security is not an issue.
View state You need to store small amounts of information for a page that will post back to itself. Use of the View State property does supply semi-secure functionality.
Hidden fields You need to store small amounts of information for a page that will post back to itself or another page, and security is not an issue.
Note You can use a hidden field only on pages that are submitted to the server.
Query string You are transferring small amounts of information from one page to another and security is not an issue.
Note You can use query strings only if you are requesting the same page, or another page via a link.
Server-side state management summary
Method Use when
Application state object You are storing infrequently changed, application-scope information that is used by many users, and security is not an issue. Do not store large quantities of information in an application state object.
Session state object You are storing short-lived information that is specific to an individual session, and security is an issue. Do not store large quantities of information in a session state object. Be aware that a session state object will be created and maintained for the lifetime of every session in your application. In applications hosting many users, this can occupy significant server resources and affect scalability.
Database support You are storing large amounts of information, managing transactions, or the information must survive application and session restarts. Data mining is a concern, and security is an issue.
12) What is web.config file?
Web.config file is nothing but the xml based configuration file. All the configuration settings of the applications are put into this file. Only one config file is possible for one application.
Web.config file, as it sounds like is a configuration file for the Asp .net web application. An Asp .net application has one web.config file which keeps the configurations required for the corresponding application. Web.config file is written in XML with specific tags having specific meanings.
13) What is the global.asax file?
The Global.asax file, also known as the ASP.NET application file, is an optional file that contains code for responding to application-level and session-level events raised by ASP.NET
or by HTTP modules.
The Global.asax file resides in the root directory of an ASP.NET application. At run time, Global.asax is parsed and compiled into a dynamically generated .NET Framework class derived from the HttpApplication base class. ASP.NET is configured so that any direct URL request for the Global.asax file is automatically rejected; external users cannot download or view the code in it.
The Global.asax file is optional. You create it only if you want to handle application or session events.
The Global. asax (including the Global.asax.cs file) is used to implement application and session level events.
What is DLL hell problem? How Assemblies can solve it?
14) What is the main Advantage of ASP controls over Html Controls?
The main advantage of using server controls over HTML controls is that they are used to provide some sort of added functionality for your ASP.NET pages, such as interactive data grids and calendars. The output code is generated dynamically from server controls, and they only output code that is compatible with the client's web browser. Server controls provide programmers with a richer set of features than HTML controls.
15) What is the life cycle of the asp.net page?
Init ()-page initialization,
Load ()-when the page is loaded into server memory,
Prerender ()-the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user as HTML.
Unload ()-when page finishes loading.
16) Authentication and Authorization?
What are various Types of Authentication?
Authentication is the process of obtaining some sort of credentials from the users and using those credentials to verify the user's identity. Authorization is the process of allowing an authenticated user access to resources.
Windows, form, password, none.
17) OOPS CONCEPTS? Give me idea of polymorphism and inheritance?
18) Difference between Data Reader and Dataset?
Data Reader is always connected architecture, dataset is disconnected architecture. Dataset deals with relational data, xml data which we can modify, data reader Access Read only Data from database.
20) What is Exception handling?
21) Difference between Server Side Code and Client Side Code?
Server side Code is Executed in Server, Client Side Code is executed in Client Browser.
22) What Are Stored Procedures?
Stored procedures are nothing but pre compiled one or more sql statements. These statements are already compiled put into database to use them in multiple applications with faster execution’s performance and reusability are the advantages of sp’s.
23) What is catching?
24) What is IIS?
Internet Information Server, Microsoft's Web server that runs on Windows NT/2000 platforms. With IIS, Microsoft includes a set of programs for building and administering Web sites, a search engine, and support for writing Web-based applications that access database.
25) What is boxing and unboxing?
Converting value Type To reference type is nothing but boxing.
Converting reference Type To value type is nothing but Unboxing.
class Test
{
static void Main() {
int i = 1;
object o = i; // boxing
int j = (int) o; // unboxing
}
}
26) What is C#?
C# is a simple, Modern, Object oriented, Type safe programming language. C# aims to combine the high productivity of Visual Basic and the raw power of C++.
C# is a modern, object-oriented language that enables programmers to quickly and easily build solutions for the Microsoft .NET platform. The framework provided allows C# components to become XML Web services that are available across the Internet, from any application running on any platform.
The language enhances developer productivity while serving to eliminate programming errors that can lead to increased development costs. C# brings rapid Web development to the C and C++ programmer while maintaining the power and flexibility that those developers call for.
Define Process And Thread?
A process is a running instance of an Application
A thread is a processor activity in a process
The same process can have multiple threads. Those threads share the process address space and can therefore share data.
We can have many threads in one process
But one thread contains only one process
We are using thread concept for running multiple applications at the same time.
Primary key?
In relational database design, a unique key or primary key is a candidate key to uniquely identify each row in a table. A unique key or primary key is comprised of a single column or set of columns. No two distinct rows in a table can have the same value (or combination of values) in those columns. Depending on its design, a table may have arbitrarily many unique keys but at most one primary key.
Foreign key?
In the context of relational databases, a foreign key (FK) is a referential constraint between two tables. The FK identifies a column or a set of columns in one (referencing) table that refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table. The columns in the referenced table must form a primary key or unique key.
What are the considerations in deciding to use .NET Remoting or ASP.NET Web Services?
Remoting is a more efficient communication exchange when you can control both ends of the application involved in the communication process. Web Services provide an open-protocol-based exchange of information. Web Services are best when you need to communicate with an external organization or another (non-.NET) technology.
Why r u Looking for A change?
From the past Two years I am working with tanla solutions, I got good experience with working tanla projects, at the same time I am looking for a change for better opportunity so that I can work in different projects so that I Can get new experience where it should be mutually beneficial.
It may be best to say that you really enjoyed many aspects of your job, then focus on how this new job will give you the opportunity to contribute more in a particular area that is key to the position.
i had a quest(kutuhalam) for knowledge.
So i susally upgrade myself with good technologies and iam looking for a company which provide me that chance to learn and implement my innovativeness.
i had few of my friends working here and they said that it would be challenging to work here and also the team supports both employee growth and also companies growth
27) What are views Tables in Sql Server 2000? What are the advantages?
View is Nothing But virtual table.
Advantages
Restrict data access and/or simplify data access
a view can be used to limit the user to only use a few columns in a table. For example if we do not want a user to be able to access all columns because of security. But it could also be because not all columns are interesting for the user. It is also possible to limit access to rows, using a WHERE clause. If we use USER_ID(), we can even find out who is using the view, and return only data that is relevant for this user. Furthermore, a view can join several tables, in several databases on several servers, but all the user use is the view’s name. Simple, but powerful!
Simplify data manipulation
We can also use a view to manipulate data. Often with a relational database design, this means that many tables must be joined together. Using a view can simplify this, and the users do not need to know all tables involved.
Import and export data
A view can also be used to export and/or import data to/from another application. Both the bcp utility and BULK INSERT works with a view.
Merge data
A so called Partition View can be used to merge data from multiple tables in multiple databases, so it appears as one table only, but it is in fact several tables. This can be accomplished by using the UNION operator. For example if we had customers in Europe and United States, we could have one server for Europe, and one for United States, with tables that are identical, and then merge all data in a partitioned view. More on this later.
What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would I choose one over the other?
Server.Transfer transfers page processing from one page directly to the next page without making a round-trip back to the client's browser. This provides a faster response with a little less overhead on the server. Server.Transfer does not update the clients url history list or current url. Response.Redirect is used to redirect the user's browser to another page or site. This performas a trip back to the client where the client's browser is redirected to the new page. The user's browser history list is updated to reflect the new address.
Difference between GET and POST methods?
GET method uses cookies to post the data to the server.
POST method uses name/value pair to post the data to the server.
Get==>
1.Less security
2.u can see the query string values passed with form name
Post==>
1.Securable one
2.U can't see the parameters (Querystings).Fully masked one.
3. it’s a best method for commerce applications.
Briefly describe how garbage collection works?
The garbage collector is a thread that runs in the background of managed .NET applications. It constantly traces the reference tree and attempts to find objects that are no longer referenced. When a no referenced object is found, its memory is reclaimed for later use.
Explain what constructors and destructors are, and describe their use.
A6: The constructor is the method that initializes a class or structure and is run when a type is first instantiated. It is used to set default values and perform other tasks required by the class. A destructor is the method that is run as the object is being reclaimed by garbage collection. It contains any code that is required for cleanup of the object.
What are the different access modifiers that are available with C#? And
Explain the scope for each one?
1. Public: Accessible with in class and out side of class if object is created
2. Private: Accessible with in class only
3. Protected: Accessible with in the class and class that are derived from this class.
4. Internel:Accessible with in the same application
5. Protectedinternel:combination of protected and internal
What is a static constructor? What is the purpose of it?
Static constructor is used to initialize static data members as soon as the class is referenced first time, whereas an instance constructor is used to create an instance of that class with keyword. A static constructor does not take access modifiers or have parameters and can't access any non-static data member of a class.
Briefly explain the difference between Public (public), Friend (internal), and Private (private) access levels as they apply to user-defined types and members
In user-defined types, Public (public) classes can be instantiated by any element of the application. Friend (internal) classes can be instantiated only by members of the same assembly, and Private (private) classes can be instantiated only by themselves or types they are nested in. Likewise, a Public (public) member can be accessed by any client in the application, a Friend (internal) member can be accessed only from members of the same assembly, and Private (private) members can be accessed only from within the type.
Sql Server (DataBase Questions)
What is Stored Procedure?
What are Indexes? Types of Indexes?
Indexes are database objects that help for fast retrieval of data and its integrity. The database finds the shortest path to the requested data by the help of indexes.
1. clustered
2. non- clustered index
We can have only one clustered index for one table
What is Cursor?
What is trigger?
What is constraint?
Difference b/w Delete table and truncate table?
A constraint is a property assigned to a column or the set of columns in a table that prevents certain types of inconsistent data values from being placed in the column(s). Constraints are used to enforce the data integrity. This ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data in the database.
A PRIMARY KEY constraint is a unique identifier for a row within a database table. Every table should have a primary key constraint to uniquely identify each row and only one primary key constraint can be created for each table. The primary key constraints are used to enforce entity integrity.
A UNIQUE constraint enforces the uniqueness of the values in a set of columns, so no duplicate values are entered. The unique key constraints are used to enforce entity integrity as the primary key constraints.
A FOREIGN KEY constraint prevents any actions that would destroy link between tables with the corresponding data values. A foreign key in one table points to a primary key in another table. Foreign keys prevent actions that would leave rows with foreign key values when there are no primary keys with that value. The foreign key constraints are used to enforce referential integrity.
What's the difference between a primary key and a unique key?
Both primary key and unique enforce uniqueness of the column on which they are defined. But by default primary key creates a clustered index on the column, where are unique creates a nonclustered index by default. Another major difference is that, primary key doesn't allow NULLs, but unique key allows one NULL only
Explain different isolation levels
An isolation level determines the degree of isolation of data between concurrent transactions. The default SQL Server isolation level is Read Committed. Here are the other isolation levels (in the ascending order of isolation): Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, and Serializable.
An isolation level determines the degree of isolation of data between concurrent transactions.
1. Read committed (default)
2.Read uncommitted
3.Repeatable read
4.Serialazable
1. Read committed:
Any shared locks you create will be automatically released as soon as the statement that created on them is complete.
But with this isolation level unrepeatable reads and phanthoms can still occur.
2. Read Uncommitted
setting isolation level to read uncommitted tells the sql server not to set any locks and not to honour any locks but it gives highest performance interns of speed.
3. Repeatable read
it escalates your isolation level and provides an extra level of concurrency protection by preventing not only dirty reads but also preventing unrepeatable reads.
4. Serializable.
It prevents all forms of concurrency issues except for a lost update. Even Phantoms are also prevented.
If Interview asks a question and if i don’t know the answer, what i have to do? Can I say wrong answer?
If you don’t know the answer of the question asked by the interviewer , never say wrong answer.Tak at least few seconds and say , I am sorry sir/madam , at this moment I haven’t able to answer you , I will make sure that I will update my knowledge soon.
The above point makes you to present your frankness and your presentation abilities.
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