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University of Delhi - B.Sc. Prog. Syllabus
Posted Date: 17 Jun 2008 Resource Type: Articles/Knowledge Sharing Category: Syllabus
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Posted By: Saranya Member Level: Diamond
Rating:  Points: 5
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GUIDELINES
(Effective from July, 2005)
Introduction
The Restructured B.Sc. Programme in Physical Sciences, Life
Sciences, Applied Physical Sciences and Applied Life Sciences will come
into effect from July, 2005. The Programme will replace the earlier B.Sc.
(General) Group A; B.Sc. (General) Group B; B.Sc. (General) in
Electronic, Computer Science, Industrial Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry,
Biochemistry and B.Sc. (General) in Environmental Science, Sericulture,
Agrochemicals and Pest Control. The Academic Council of the University
of Delhi adopted the report of the Empowered Committee on Restructuring
of the Undergraduate Science Programmes set up by the Vice-Chancellor
in its meeting held on 11 and 12 October, 2004. Subsequently, the syllabi
and readings of all Foundation Courses (Ist year) of the Restructured B.Sc.
Programme in Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, Applied Physical
Sciences and Applied Life Sciences were approved by the Academic
Council in its meeting held on 17th March, 2005. Syllabi and readings for
2nd and 3rd years were approved by the Academic Council in its meeting
held on 14-2-2006 and 21-4-2006.
Objectives
The objectives of the Restructured B.Sc. Programme are :
- To provide students a broad-based exposure to the critical
domains of the sciences i.e. Physicas, Chemistry, Biology, in
both single science domain and multiple science domain
modes;
- To provide students adequate background of Mathematical
Sciences, and tools and techniques such as Computer
Applications, Modern Instrumentation and Electronics, and
Analytical Techniques;
- To enable students to enhance their technical writing and
communication skills;
- To provide students adequate exposure to global and local
concerns that explore the many aspects of societal relevance
in Environmental Science; and
2
- To permit students an opportunity to explore the multidisciplinarity
in science, particularly in those emerging areas
that lie at the intersection(s) of physical, chemical, life and earth
sciences including such cutting-edge areas like astrobiology,
theoretical biology, geophysics, molecular paleontology,
biogeochemistry, etc.
Keeping these objectives in view, the restructuring of B.Sc. Programme
was done. The essentials of the Restructured B.Sc. Programme are given
in the following pages:
Structure
Every candidate shall be required to take an examination at the end of
the I, II, III years respectively as per the schemes given below:
Scheme of Examination
I YEAR
Course Course Title Duration Max.
Code (Hours) Marks
PH 101 Physics 3 100
PH 102 Physics Laboratory 5 50
CH 103 Chemistry 3 100
CH 104 Chemistry Laboratory 6 50
BY 105a Biology
or
BY 105b Biology for Physical Science 3 100
BY 106a Biology Laboratory
or
BY106b Biology Laboratory for Physical
Science 4 50
MA 107a Mathematics
or
MA 107b Mathematics for Life Sciences 3 100
IN 108 Laboratory : Electronics and Modern
Instrumentation 4 50
}
}
3
IN 109 Laboratory : Analytical Techniques 4 50
CS 110 Laboratory : Computer Science and 4 50
Informatics
ES 111 Environmental Studies 2 60
HU 112 Technical Writing and Communication 2 40
in English
Total Marks 800
25% of the marks in each Theory paper will be reserved for internal
assessment. 50% marks in Practical Papers will be reserved for internal
assessment which will include marks for performance throughout the year,
record book, and viva voce (20% + 20% + 10% respectively).
II Year and III Year
In the II year every student shall opt for three domain courses, each
domain consisting of 2 Theory papers and a Laboratory (if required). The
total marks for each domain will be 300. In addition every student shall
opt for either an elective course or a project of 50 marks.
In the III year, the student shall continue with the same domains which
he had opted in the II year; the overall distribution of marks shall be as
follows :
Course Course Title Duration Max.
Code (Hours) Marks
D1 201/301 Science Domain (1) I 3 100
D1 202/302 Science Domain (1) II 3 100
D2 203/303 Science Domain (2) I 3 100
D2 204/304 Science Domain (2) II 3 100
D3 205/305 Science Domain (3) I 3 100*
D3 206/306 Science Domain (3) II 3 100*
D1 207/307 Laboratory - I Science Domain (1) 3 to 6** 100
D2 208/308 Laboratory - II Science Domain (2) 3 to 5** 100
4
D3 209/309 Laboratory - III Science Domain (3) 3 to 6** 100
EL 210/310 Elective/Project 2 50
Total Marks 950
* In courses, where there is no laboratory, theory papers shall be of
150 marks. Similar distribution of marks will be there for III year.
** Practical Examinations in Chemistry/Analytical Chemistry/
Industrial Chemistry shall be of 6 hours duration; in Physics of 5 hours
duration, and in all other subjects of 3 to 4 hours duration.
The following combinations will be available :
A. Physical Sciences
1. Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics
B. Life Sciences
1. Chemistry, Botany and Zoology
C. Applied Physical Sciences
1. Physics, Mathematics and Computer Science
2. Physics, Mathematics and Electronics
3. Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry and Mathophysics
4. Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Mathophysics
5. Mathematics, Computer Science and Operational Research
6. Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics
D. Applied Life Sciences
1. Chemistry, Biology and Environmental Science
2. Chemistry, Biology and Agrochemical & Pest Management
3. Chemistry, Biology and Sericulture
4. Chemistry, Biology and Mathophysics
5
Scheme of Examination
(for different science domains)
CHEMISTRY
Course Course Title Duration Max.
Code (Hours) Marks
II Year Examination
CH 201 Inorganic & Physical Chemistry 3 100
CH 202 Organic & Physical Chemistry 3 100
CH 203 Chemistry Laboratory-I 6 100
III Year Examination
CH 301 Inorganic & Physical Chemistry 3 100
CH 302 Organic & Physical Chemistry 3 100
CH 303 Chemistry Laboratory-II 6 100
PHYSICS
II Year Examination
PH 201 Mathematical Physics 3 100
PH 202 Thermal Physics 3 100
PH 203 Physics Laboratory-I 6 100
III Year Examination
PH 301 Electromagnetic Theory 3 100
PH 302 Modern Physics 3 100
PH 303 Physics Laboratory-II 6 100
6
MATHEMATICS
Course Course Title Duration Max.
Code (Hours) Marks
II Year Examination
MA 201 Calculus and Geometry 3 150
MA 202 Algebra and Differential Equations 3 150
III Year Examination
MA 301 Real Analysis 3 150
MA 302 Algebra and Mechanics 3 150
BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY (Life Sciences I and II)
II Year Examination
LS 201 Biodiversity I : Plants 3 100
LS 202 Biodiversity II : Animals 3 100
LS 203 Cell Biology, Biochemistry & Immunology 3 100
LS 204 Genetics, Genomics & Molecular Biology 3 100
LS 205 Life Sciences Laboratory 4 100
LS 206 Life Sciences Laboratory 4 100
III Year Examination
LS 301 Development Biology and
Physiology : Plants 3 100
LS 302 Development Biology and
Physiology : Animals 3 100
LS 303 Ecology and Environmental Management 3 100
LS 304 Applied Biology and Biotechnology 3 100
LS 305 Life Sciences Laboratory 4 100
LS 306 Life Sciences Laboratory 4 100
7
COMPUTER SCIENCE
Course Course Title Duration Max.
Code (Hours) Marks
II Year Examination
CS 201 Programming and Data Structures 3 100
CS 202 Computer System Architecture 3 100
CS 203 Laboratory (Based on CS 201 & CS 202) 4 100
III Year Examination
CS 301 Operating Systems and Networks 3 100
CS 302 Software Engineering and Databases 3 100
CS 303 Laboratory (Based on CS. 301 & CS 302) 4 100
STATISTICS
II Year Examination
ST 201 Statistical Methods and Probability Theory 3 100
ST 202 Applied Statistics 3 100
ST 203 Statistics Laboratory-I 4 100
III Year Examination
ST 301 Statistical Inference 3 100
ST 302 Sample Surveys and Design of Experiments 3 100
ST 303 Statistics Laboratory-II 4 100
OPERATIONAL RESEARCH
II Year Examination
OR 201 Optimization 3 150
OR 202 Inventory Management and
Queueing Theory 3 150
8
Course Course Title Duration Max.
Code (Hours) Marks
III Year Examination
OR 301 Reliability and Statistical Quality Control 3 150
OR 302 Forecasting and Case Studies 3 150
ELECTRONICS
II Year Examination
EL 201 Analog and Digital Circuits 3 100
EL 202 Semiconductor Devices and Fabrication 3 100
EL 203 Electronics Lab-I 4 100
III Year Examination
EL 301 Electronic Communication 3 100
EL 302 Microprocessors and Micro Controllers 3 100
EL 303 Electronics Lab-II 4 100
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
II Year Examination
IC 201 Industrial Chemicals & Environment 3 100
IC 202 Fossil Fuels and Fermentation Industries 3 100
IC 203 Industrial Chemistry Lab-I 6 100
III Year Examination
IC 301 Industrial Chemicals in Agriculture
and Medicine 3 100
IC 302 Polymers and Instrumental Methods
of Analysis 3 100
IC 303 Industrial Chemistry Lab-II 6 100
9
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Course Course Title Duration Max.
Code (Hours) Marks
II Year Examination
AC 201 Basic Principles & Laboratory
Operation 3 100
AC 202 Quantitative Methods of Analysis 3 100
AC 203 Analytical Chemistry Lab-I 6 100
III Year Examination
AC 301 Separation Methods in Analytical Chemistry 3 100
AC 302 Instrumental Methods Analysis 3 100
AC 303 Analytical Chemistry Lab-II 6 100
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
II Year Examination
ES 201 Concepts in Ecology 3 100
ES 202 Natural Resource Management 3 100
ES 203 Environmental Science Lab-I 4 100
III Year Examination
ES 301 Environmental Concerns and Health 3 100
ES 302 Environmental Protection and Management 3 100
ES 303 Environmental Science Lab-II 4 100
BIOLOGY
II Year Examination
BIO 201 Biology of Animals : Form, Structure
and Function 3 100
BIO 202 Biology of Plants : Form, Structure
and Function 3 100
BIO 203 Biology Lab-I 3 100
10
Course Course Title Duration Max.
Code (Hours) Marks
III Year Examination
BIO 301 Cell & Molecular Biology and
Development Biology 3 100
BIO 302 Genetics, Biotechnology and Immunology 3 100
BIO 303 Biology Lab-II 3 100
AGROCHEMICALS AND PEST MANAGEMENT
II Year Examination
ACP 201 Agricultural Botany, Plant Pathology
and weeds 3 100
ACP 202 Fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides 3 100
ACP 203 Agrochemicals and Pest Management Lab-I 4 100
III Year Examination
ACP 301 Applied Entomology 3 100
ACP 302 Insecticides, Pesticide Formulation,
Analysis, Quality Control 3 100
ACP 203 Agrochemicals and Pest Management Lab-II 4 100
MATHOPHYSICS
II Year Examination
MP 201 Mathematics-I 3 150
MP 202 Thermal Physics and Electromagnetism 3 100
MP 203 Physics Lab-I 4 50
III Year Examination
MP 301 Mathematics-2 3 150
MP 302 Optics, Electronics and Modern Physics 3 100
MP 303 Physics Lab-II 4 50
11
SERICULTURE
Course Course Title Duration Max.
Code (Hours) Marks
II Year Examination
SC 201 General Sericulture, Soil Science 3 100
SC 202 Mulberry & Silkworm Studies 3 100
SC 203 Sericulture Lab-I 4 100
III Year Examination
SC 301 Sericulture Crop Improvement and
Management 3 100
SC 302 Silkworm Seed Technology and
Silk Technology 3 100
SC 303 Sericulture Lab-II 4 100
One Elective subject in II year may be chosen out of the following :
Economics/Entrepreneurship/Organizational Behaviour/Psychology/
Financial Accounting/Financial Management or a Project of
equivalent weightage in any one of these elective subjects.
One Elective subject in III year may be chosen out of the following :
Green Chemistry/Polymer Science/Biotechnology/Forensic Science/
Earth System Science/Intellectual Property Rights/Computational
and Discrete Mathematics*/Mathematical Methods in Life Sciences.
*Only for students of B.Sc. Physical Sciences/Applied Physical
Sciences.
12
Promotion Rules
1. The minimum marks required to pass the I year examination shall
be 36% in the aggregate of all the Theory papers taken together and
36% in the aggregate of all the Practical papers taken together. The
candidate shall have to secure 36% marks separately in the
University examination, as well as in the total of the University
examination and internal assessment.
2. The minimum marks required to pass the II year or III year
examination in the three subjects of Science Domains shall be 36%
in the aggregate of the Theory papers taken subject-wise and 36%
in the Practical examination in each subject, and 36% in the Elective/
Project in each year separately. The criteria will be applied
separately to the University examination as well as in the total of
the University examination and internal assessment.
3. At the end of II year, a candidate, who has secured pass marks
(separately in Theory and Practical) in at least 2 of the Science
Domains and has secured 25% marks in the aggregate including
the elective subject/project may be permitted to proceed to the III
Year class, and take subsequently the examination in the remaining
subject of II year (in which he has not secured the pass marks) along
with the University examination of the III year.
4. At the end of the III year, a candidate, who has not passed the third
year examination, but has secured at least 36% marks in any
subject/subjects (Theory and Practical separately for each subject)
will be exempted for reappearing in those subjects.
5. The successful candidate will be classified on the combined results
of I, II and III year examinations as follows :
(a) First Division : 60% Marks or more in the aggregate
(b) Second Division : 50% Marks or more in the aggregate
(c) Third Division : All others
Note :
Candidates who have failed or have been absent in any year of the
B.Sc. Examination may be allowed to reappear at the examination
on being enrolled as ex-student in accordance with the rules and
regulations prescribed in that behalf irrespective of whether they had
secured the minimum pass marks in the practical papers.
13
Candidates who have already secured the minimum pass marks in
the practical papers and, or Project Report/Field Work Report at a
previous examination shall not be allowed to reappear in the practical
papers and Project Report/Field Work Report as the case may be.
Attendance
Subject to the provisions of Ordinance VII-Conditions for Admission
to Examination : a candidate for the B.Sc. I year Examination shall
not be deemed to have satisfied the required conditions of
attendance unless he has attended, in all the subjects of I year taken
together, not less than two-thirds of the lectures and practicals, held
in the college. In the II and III year the student should have attended
not less than two-thirds of the lectures and practicals separately, held
in the college in each academic year.
Provided that a student of the I year class who does not fulfill the
required conditions of attendance as provided in the Clause above,
but has attended, in all the subjects taken together, not less than
40 per cent of lectures and practicals, held during the I year, may,
at the discretion of the Principal of the College concerned, be allowed
to appear at the Part I Examination; but such a candidate shall be
required to make up the deficiency of lectures and/or practicals, as
the case may be, of the I year, during the II year.
Provided further that a student of the II year class who does not fulfill
the required conditions of attendance as above, but has attended in
all the subjects taken together, not less than 40 per cent of the
lectures and practicals, separately, held during the II year class, may,
at the discretion of the Principal of the College concerned, be allowed
to appear at the Part II examination provided that he makes up the
deficiency of the II year by combining the attendance of the first year
class.
Provided further that a student of the II year class, who was short
of attendance at the end of I year class, but was allowed to appear
at the I year examination, subject to his making up the deficiency of
attendance during II year, and who has not been able to make up
the deficiency as above, but has attended in all the subjects taken
together not less than 55% of the lectures and practicals, separately,
held during the I year class and the II year class, taken together,
may, at the discretion of the Principal of the College concerned, be
14
allowed to appear at the II year examination, subject to his making
of the deficiency of the two years taken together, as above, during
the III year class.
Provided further that a student of the III year class, who does not
fulfill the required conditions of attendance as above, but has
attended, in all the subjects taken together not less than 40% of the
lectures and practicals, separately held during the III year class, shall
be allowed to appear at the III year examination, if by combining the
attendance of the III year with the attendance of I and II years, the
candidate has put in two-thirds of attendance in all the subjects taken
together, separately, in lectures and practicals held during the three
years.
Explanation : A student who has failed at the I year or II year or III
year Examination and has rejoined the I year or II year or III year
class, as the case may be shall be required to put in the requisite
attendance as above, afresh, and the attendance previously put in
by him for the respective year will not be taken into account.
I. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the foregoing
provisions :
(a) A candidate for the III year examination, appearing at the
examination initially, during the pendency of the course, may, with
a view to improving his previous performance, be allowed to reappear,
once only, at the examination in one or more subject(s) of
II year, alongwith the III year examination on foregoing in writing,
his earlier performance, in the subject(s) of II year. No candidates
shall be allowed to re-appear in the subject(s) of II year after he has
passed the III year examination.
(b) A candidate who has cleared the papers of the III year examination
after having appeared at the Examination initially, during the
pendency of the span period, may with a view to improving his
earlier performance, be allowed to re-appear, once only, at the
examination in one or more subject(s) of III year either at the
Supplementary Examination immediately held thereafter or if he fails
to appear then at the next Annual Examination on foregoing, in
writing, his previous performance in the subject(s) concerned of III
year examination.
15
Explanation : No candidate will be admitted to the examination after the
expiry of six years after admission to the I year class, five
years after admission to the II year class and three years
after admission to the III year class.
Note : In the case of a candidate, who offers to reappear in any subject(s)
under the aforesaid provision, on surrendering his earlier
performance but fails to re-appear in the subject(s) concerned,
for satisfactory reasons, the marks previously secured by the
candidate in the subject(s) in which he failed to re-appear may
be taken into account while determining the results of the
examination held currently, on application by the candidate which
should reach the University within a fortnight of the termination
of the current examination.
17
SYLLABI AND READINGS
1ST Year
19
FOUNDATION COURSES
PH 101 PHYSICS
(70 Lectures)
The primary objective of this course is to lay the foundation of Physics
essential for the undergraduate students of Physical Sciences, Life
Sciences and Applied Sciences. This course provides the basic
understanding of core concepts in Physics and deals with their impact
on modern day technology. The concepts of physics has been elaborated
by some examples with the purpose of understanding the impact on other
fields.
Essentials of Physics
Unit I Mechanics (12 L)
Galilean invariance and Newton’s Laws of motion. Dynamics of a system
of particles, Conservation of momentum and energy, work energy theorem.
Conservation of angular momentum, torque, Motion of a particle in central
force field. Kepler’s Laws, Satellite in circular orbit and applications
(Synchronous satellite, GPS, Artificial gravity, apparent weightlessness).
Physiological effects of acceleration and angular motion.
Unit II Special Theory of Relativity (6 L)
Constancy of speed of light, postulate of Special theory of relativity, length
contraction, time dilation, relativistic velocity addition, Mass-energymomentum
relations.
Unit III Waves and Oscillations (8 L)
Simple harmonic motion, damped and driven harmonic oscillator, coupled
oscillator, energy relation and energy transfer, normal modes, Wave
equation, Travelling waves, superposition principle, pulses. Doppler effect,
effects of vibrations in humans, physics of hearing, heartbeat.
Unit IV Modern optics (10 L)
Two slit Interference, Diffraction, Resolving power, Resolution of the eye,
Laser characteristics, Principle, Population inversion, Application of laser
in medical science, Polarization of EM wave, Malus Law, Polarizing
materials, Polarizer, Analyzer.
20
Unit V Statistical Mechanics (8)
Phase space, micro and macro states, Thermodynamic probability,
Concept of entropy, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Connection to
thermodynamics.
Unit VI Electronics and Semiconductor Physics (8 L)
PN junction diode, transistor, Operational amplifier, Inverting and noninverting
amplifier OP-Amp as adder, subtractor, comparator, integrator
and differentiator, Digital : Half adder and full adder, Multiplexer, clocked
RS Flip Flop, 1-bit memory cell, J-K flip-flop, D to A converter (ladder
network), Block diagram of A to D converter.
Unit VII Quantum Mechanics (8 L)
Inadequacy of classical mechanics, photoelectric effect, Compton
scattering, wave particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis, two slit experiment
with electrons, Heisenberg’s uncertainty Principle, basic postulates of
Quantum Mechanics, Particle in a box.
Unit VIII Applied Physics (10 L)
Viscosity, Poiseuille’s equation, Application to blood flow in human body,
Principal for measuring the blood pressure, Physiological effects of electric
current, Electrical forces in molecular biology; DNA structure and
Replication, Resting and action potential, Nerve conduction (Propagation
of action potential in neuron), capacitance of axon.
Nano-particles and its properties, Methods of synthesis of nanostructures-
Physical & Chemical, introduction to Fullerenes and Carbon nano-tubes.
Reference
1. Fundamentals of Physics, Halliday, Resnick and Walker, John Wiley.
2. Physics, Paul A. Tipler, CBS Publishers and Distributors.
3. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Serway
and Beichner, Thomson, Brooks/Cole.
4. Physics (5th Edn.) : Principles with applications, Douglas C. Giancoli,
Prentice Hall.
5. Physics (5th Edn.), John D. Cutnell & Kenneth W. Johnson, John
Willey & Sons, Inc.
6. Plasma Physics, F. F. Chen.
7. Nanoelectronics & Information Technology, Wiley-VCH GmbH & Co.
8. Op-Amps and linear integrated circuits, Ramakant A. Gayakwad,
Prentice Hall.
9. Digital Principles and Applications, A.P. Malvino and D. P. Leach,
McGraw-Hill.
21
PH 102 PHYSICS LABORATORY
Proposed Experiments
1. Moment of Inertia using Fly Wheel
2. g by Katers Pendulum/Free fall
3. To study the Coupled Oscillator
4. Frequency of tuning fork by Melde’s experiment
5. Single slit & Double slit diffraction using laser
6. Specific rotation of cane sugar by Polarimeter
7. Coefficient of thermal conductivity by Lees disc method using
resistive heating.
8. Boltzman constant by PN junction
9. Poiseuilles method (Viscosity of fluid)
10. Characteristics of RC circuits
11. Forced Oscillation in LCR (series & Parallel) resonance circuit
12. Determination of Planks constant by LEDs
13. e/m by Bar Magnet/Magnetic focusing
Reference
Practical Physics, Nelson and Jon Ogborn
22
CH 103 CHEMISTRY
The Primary objective of this course is to promote an understanding of
the fundamental concepts of Chemistry and their applications while
retaining the excitement of Chemistry. The course also emphasizes the
development of problem solving skills in students.
Unit I. Atomic Structure (14 L)
Wave Mechanical Model of the Hydrogen Atom :
Recapitulation of : Bohr’s theory and its limitations, dual behaviour of
matter and radiation, De-Broglie’s relation, Hé is enberg Uncertainty
principle. Need of new approach to the atomic structure.
What is Quantum mechanics (wave mechanics)? Time-independent
Schrodinger equation (H ?= E?) and meaning of various terms in it.
Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom. Need of polar coordinates,
transformation of cartesian coordinates (x,y,z) into polar coordinates
(r,?,F). Outline of various steps in the solution of the electronic
Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom. Radial and angular parts of the
hydogenic wavefunctions (atomic orbitals) and their variations for 1s, 2s,
2p, 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals. Radial and angular nodes and their significance.
Radial distribution functions and the calculation of the most probable
distances for 1s and 2s atomic orbitals (by taking actual wavefunctions
for these orbitals). Significance of quantum numbers, orbital angular
momentum and quantum numbers m1 and m1. Shapes of s, p and d atomic
orbitals - charge cloud diagrams and boundary surface diagrams, nodal
planes. Discovery of spin, spin quantum number (s) and magnetic spin
quantum number (ms).
Multi-electron Atoms
Recapitualation of : rules for filling electrons in various orbitals, Electronic
configurations of the atoms. Stability of half-filled and completely filled
orbitals, concept of exchange energy. Relative energies of atomic orbitals,
Anomalous configurations.
Total orbital angular momentum, Total spin angular momentum and total
angular momentum, Spin-orbit coupling, Term symbols for light atoms
23
containing no unpaired electron, one unpaired electron and two nonequivalent
unpaired electrons (s-s, s-p and pp electrons) and their
importance (including the fine spectrum of H atom).
Unit II Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (13 L)
Ionic Bonding :
Recapitualation of : the general characteristics of ionic bonding
Energy considerations in ionic bonding, lattice energy and solvation energy
and their importance in the context of stability and solubility of ionic
compounds, Derivation of Born-Lande equation for calculation of lattice
energy, Born-Haber cycle and its applications, polarizing power and
polarizability, Fajan’s rules, ionic character in covalent compounds, bond
moment, dipole moment, percentage ionic character.
Covalent Bonding :
VB Approach
Recapitulation of : Lewis theory, VSEPR theory to explain the shapes of
molecules, salient features of the Valence bond (VB) theory and the
concept of hybridization.
Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of VSEPR
and hybridization with examples of linear, trigonal planar, square planar,
tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal andS noCc1tah,e SderOalC a1rra, nIOgeFm,e Cn1tsO Fsuc, hX eaOs , BeCl , XeO F .
NO , CO , SF , C F , XeF , IF , XeF , IF , XeF , BrF , CIO , CIO
2 2 4 3 3 2 2 2
4 1 3 2 5 4 7 6 5 3
2-
3 3
Concept of resonance, resonating structures and resonance energy in
various inorganic and organic compounds.
MO Approach
Recapitulation of : limitations of the VB approach, salient features of the
MO theory.
Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and anti-bonding MOs and their
characteristics for s-s-, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding
combinations of orbitals MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic
molecules of 1st period (including idea of s-p mixing) and heteronuclear
diatomic molecules such as CO, NO, NO4, CN–, HF, HCI.
Comparison of VB and MO approaches.
- -
24
Unit III Chemical Thermodynamics (20 L)
Recapitulation of : objectives and limitations of thermodynamics, state of
system, state variables, thermodynamic equilibrium, thermodynamic
properties, intensive and extensive properties, various types of systems
and processes.
First Law of Thermodynamics : Recapitulation of : First law of
thermodynamics, concepts of internal energy and enthalpy.
Calculation of work (w), heat (q), change in internal energy (?E) and
change in enthaply (?H) for expansion or compression of ideal gases
under isothermal and adiabatic conditions for both reversible and
irreversible processes. Calculation of w, q, ?E, and ?H for processes
involving changes in physical state.
Thermochemistry : Recapitulation of : laws of thermochemistry, intenal
energy and enthaply changes for physical and chemical processes
including formation, neutralisation, combustion, ionisation, fusion and
vaporisation.
Concept of standard state and standard enthapies of formation, integral
and differential enthalpies of solution and dilution. Calculation of bond
energy, bond dissociation energy and resonance energy from
thermochemical data. Variation of ethalpy of a reaction with temperature-
Kirchhoff’s equation.
Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics : Recapitulation of : second
law of thermodynamics, concepts of entropy, Gibbs free energy and
Helmoltz free energy.
Various statements of the second law of thermodynamics. Calculations
of entropy change and free energy change for reversible and irreversible
processes under isothermal and adiabatic conditions. Criteria of
spontaniety, Gibbs - Helmholtz equation. Maxwell’s relations,
thermodynamic equation of state.
Third Law of thermodynamics : Statement of the law, calculation of
absolute entropies of substances.
Unit IV. Ionic Equilibria (7 L)
Recapitulation of : strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of
ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization., ionization constant and
25
ionic product of water, ionization of weak acids and bases. pH scale,
common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts, buffer solutions and solubility
product.
Multistage equilibria of acids and bases. Salt hydrolysis - calculation of
hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer
solutions-buffer capacity, calculation of pH of different buffer solutions.
Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts - applications
of solubility product principle.
Acid-base titrations : calculation of pH at various stages of different
titrations, acid-base titration curves, Theory of acid-base indicators, pH
changes and selection of indicators in different acid-base titrations.
Unit V. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry (13 L)
Recapitulation of : Hybridization in organic compounds, classification and
nomenclature of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, cleavage of covalent
bondshomolysis and heterolysis.
Electronic effects : Electronic effects and their applications - inductive,
resonance and hyperconjugation effects. Structure and stability of reactive
carbon species - carbocations, carbanions, free radicals and carbenes.
Relative strengths of carboxylic acids (both aliphatic and aromatic),
alcohols, phenols, amines (aliphatic, aromatic and heteroaromatic) and
the effect of solvent and substituents (including their steric effects) on their
strengths.
Molecular Forces : Intermolecular and intramolecular forces, types of
intermolecular forces and their characteristics : ion-dipole, dipole-dipole,
dipole-induced dipole and dispresion (London) forces. Hydrogen bond
(both intramolecular and intermolecular), Effect of inter/intramolecular
forces on physical properties such as solubility, vapour pressure, melting
and boiling points of different compounds.
Aromaticity : Criterion of aromaticity : Huckel’s rule and its applications
to aromatic (homonuclear and heteronuclear) and non-aromatic
compounds.
Unit VI. Stereochemistry (13 L)
Recapitulation of : Meaning of stereochemistry and its importance. Optical
isomerism - optical activity, plane polarized light, enantiomerism, chirality,
specific molar rotation.
26
Stereoisomerism with two chiral centers : Diastereomers,
mesoisomers, threo and erythro isomers. Physical and chemical properties
of enantiomers and diastercomers. Resolution of racemic modification. A
brief introduction to optically active compounds with no chiral center.
Projection diagrams of stereoisomers : Fischer, Newman, Sawhorse
and Flying Wedge projections. Illustration of interconversion of different
projections with different examples.
Relative Configuration : D/L designation in carbohydrates and amino
acids.
Absolute Configuration : R/S nomenclature of chiral centers, sequence
rules of priority order.
Conformational isomerism — ethane, butane, 1, 2-dihaloethane and 1,
2 diols, energy diagrams and relative stability of conformers. Ring strain
in cyclopropane, cyclobutane. Baeyer strain theory and its limitations,
cyclohexane and its conformers.
Geometrical isomerism : cis/trans and E/Z nomenclature in olefins.
27
CH 104 CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
Foundation Course Chemistry
1. Preparation of standard solutions of different molarities.
2. Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating with sodium hydroxide.
3. Estimation of sodium carbonate by titrating with hydrochloric acid.
4. Estimation of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate/sodium
hydroxide present together in a mixture.
5. Estimation of Fe (II) ions by titrating with KMnO4.
6. Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating with KMnO4.
7. Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohr’s salt/oxalic acid using
KMnO4.
8. Estimation of Fe(II) ions by titrating with K2Cr2O7 using internal
indicator.
9. Estimation of Cu(II) ions iodom etrically using Na2S2O3.
10. Detection of extra elements (N, S, C1, Br, I) in organic compounds
(containing not more than one extra element).
11. Purification of organic compounds by crystallization (from water or
alcohol) and distillation.
12. Determination of melting and boiling points of organic compounds.
13. Determination of heat capacity of a calorimeter directly (Heat gained
= Heat lost by water) or by using known enthalpy data.
14. Determination of enthalpy of neutralization of hydrochloric acid with
sodium hydroxide.
15. Determination of enthalpy of ionization of acetic acid.
16. Determination of integral enthalpy of solution of salts (KNO3,
NH4Cl).
17. Verification of Hess’s law of constant heat summation.
28
Suggested Readings
1. J. D. Lee : A new Concise Inorganic Chemistry, E L. B. S.
2. F. A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson : Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley.
3. T. W. Graham Solomons : Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.
4. Peter Sykes : A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry,
Orient Longman.
5. E. L. Eliel : Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata McGraw
Hill.
6. P. W. Atkins : Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press.
7. G. W. Castellan : Physical Chemistry, Narosa Publishing House.
Additional Reference Books
1. Douglas, McDaniel and Alexader : Concepts and Models in Inorganic
Chemistry, John Wiley.
2. James E. Huheey, Ellen Keiter and Richard Keiter : Inorganic
Chemistry : Principles of Structure and Reactivity, Pearson
Publication.
3. F. A. Carey : Organic Chemistry, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
4. I. L. Finar : Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E. L. B. S.
5. W. J. Moore, Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall.
6. G. M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill.
7. R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd : Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.
29
BY 105a BIOLOGY
(74 Lectures)
Biology addresses three questions with regard to organisms. One,
how should one explain the causation of the beildering variety in form and
function that we notice in living organisms. Two, can the living process
be analyzed through the concepts and techniques of Physics and
Chemistry? And three, how has biology contributed to the human welfare
on one hand and to understanding of the mind and matter in a larger sense
on the other hand? This course looks at functional unity underlying
structural diversity in living organisms. It tries to explain the origin and
evolution of biological diversity.
This course summarizes the essence of biology. It is a
conceptualized presentation of the whole of biological science for recall
and reflection. It provides a framework for further indepth study of biology
for students of life sciences. It presents biology as a unitary, integrated
and universal science. It combines organismic biology and reductionistic
biology to provide a new theme of philosophy of biology i.e. organism.
Unit I : Biological Systems & Environment (24 L)
Origin of Life on Earth-perspectives
Cell as a unit of Life
Description of biodiversity
Concept of Evolution
Five kingdom classification of living organisms
Hierarchy of organization of living processes and ecological concepts
Systematics and phylogeny
Living in Groups - Conflict and Cooperation (e.g. Social Insects, symbiosis,
Parasitism, etc.)
Unit II : Functional Unity and Chemical Context of living
process (24 L)
Cellular basis of living processes
Nutritional requirements of organisms - autotrophs and heterotrophs
Dynamic state of body constituents
30
Bioenergetics - generation, flow and utilization of energy; photosynthesis
and respiration
Patterns of growth & reproduction
Introduction to structural and functional organization of genomes
Regularity Networks
Unit III : Biology and Human Welfare (26 L)
Nutritional and Genetic disorders, Infectious diseases
Clinical diagnostics - principles
Enzyme technology, protein engineering and recombinant DNA
Technology
Transgenic microbes, plants and animals - products and applications
Plant and animal tissue culture - applications
Food Security - biofertilizers and aquaculture
Fertility regulation - reproductive technologies
Bioresource conservation
Suggested Readings
1. P. H. Raven and G. B. Johnson : Biology 6th Edition, McGraw Hill
(2004)
2. A. E. Magurran : Measuring Biological Diversity, Blackwell Science
Ltd. (2004)
3. Lodish, H. et al. : Molecular Cell Biology, W. Freeman Publishers
(2004)
4. Campbell : Biology, Benjamin Publishers
5. Wolfe : Biology : The Foundation, Wadsworth Publisher.
31
BY 106a BIOLOGY LABORATORY
1. Field Trip to any one ecosystem - practical description
2. Field Trip to botanical garden and Zoo-ex-situ conservation analysis
3. Biodiversity indices-measurement
4. Protein and Nucleic Acid Data Base - phylogenic analysis
5. Analysis of Modelling Data
6. Statistical analysis of biological Data - any one tool
7. Atomic Models of 10 biomolecules (e.g. amino acids, sugars,
nucleotides, vitamins, peptides, steroids, antibiotics, fats and oils,
etc.)
8. One animal behaviour experiment
9. Haemolysis - quantitation
10. Observation of Cell structure
11. Observation of Cell division (Mitosis)
12. Observation of Cell division (Meiosis)
13. One experiment in photosynthesis - quantitative measurement
14. Measurement of any one Circadian rhythm
15. One experiment on adsorption
16. Qualitative analysis of 2 sugars and 11 amino acid and 1 vitamin
tablet
17. One physiological experiment, on a live animal/plant.
18. Type study of 6 representative each of plants and animals
19. Extraction and quantitation of one plant pigment / oil
20. Examination of histological sections (permanent slides)
32
BY 105b BIOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES
(72 Lectures)
Biology is the science of the living state. It is a science of the living process
and of life forms. It is a historical science in more than one sense. Biology
tells us the story of life on the earth. All the currently living organisms
are not only connected to each other but also connected to all the
ancestors who ever lived on the earth in the past. This course presents
processed information on Biology in a capsular and conceptualized form
to physical scientists.
Unit I : Biodiversity and Evolution (24 L)
Characteristics of living organisms. Origin of Life on Earth-problems and
perspectives. Description of diversity of life forms, habitats and
ecosystems. Hierarchy of interacting systems-molecules to Communities.
Biosphere-Geosphere interactions through geological periods. Concept of
Evolution- Elemental factors, speciation, phylogeny and bioinformatic
tools. Mathematical modeling of any one biological phenomeon such as
bioreactors, foraging behaviour, metabolic networks, population genetics
etc.
Unit II : Chemical Biology (24 L)
Structural Diversity of biomolecules. Physical properties of biological
structures. Nutritional requirements of Organisms. Metabolism, energy and
work. Macromoleculs - structure and functions, Regulatory networks.
Physical phenomena in biological systems - analysis of any two (e.g.
membrane transport, photobiology, Body and Tissue Design, etc.)
Unit III : Biology and Human Welfare (24 L)
Medicinal Plants and products. Genetic Engineering, Ethical issues.
Immuno-diagnostics. Immobilized enzymes and Biosensors. Fossil fuels
and Biofuels. Bioimplants. Microscopy and Imaging techniques. Stem Cell
technology and tissue engineering.
33
Suggested Readings
1. P.H. Raven and G. B. Johnson (2004) : Biology, 6th Edition, McGraw
Hill.
2. A. E. Magurran : Measuring Biological Diversity, Blackwell Science
Ltd. (2004)
3. Lodish, H. et al. : Molecular Cell Biology, W. Freeman Publishers
(2004)
4. Campbell : Biology, Benjamin Publishers
5. Wolfe : Biology : The Foundation, Wadsworth Publishers.
34
BY 106b LABORATORY : BIOLOGY FOR
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
1. Field Trip to any one ecosystem - practical description
2. Field Trip to botanical garden and Zoo-ex-situ conservation analysis
3. Biodiversity indices-measurement
4. Protein and Nucleic Acid Data Base - phylogenic analysis
5. Analysis of Modelling Data
6. Statistical analysis of biological Data - any one tool
7. Atomic Models of 10 biomolecules (e.g. amino acids, sugars,
nucleotides, vitamins, peptides, steroids, antibiotics, fats and oils,
etc.)
8. One animal behaviour experiment
9. Haemolysis - quantitation
10. Observation of Cell structure
11. Observation of Cell division (Mitosis)
12. Observation of Cell division (Meiosis)
13. One experiment in photosynthesis - quantitative measurement
14. Measurement of anyone Circadian rhythm
15. One experiment on adsorption
16. Qualitative analysis of 2 sugars and 1 amino acid and 1 vitamin tablet
17. One physiological experiment on a live animal/plant
18. Type study of 6 representative each of plants and animals
19. Extraction and quantitation of one plant pigment / oil
20. Examination of histological sections (permanent slides)
35
MA 107a MATHEMATICS
(72 Lectures)
The objective of this course is to lay the foundations of Mathematics
required for the study of Physical Sciences. The focus is on introducing
mathematical concepts using examples and problems from various
science domains. Rigorous approaches including proofs and derivations
are exemplified in a few topics. Visual, graphical and application oriented
approaches are introduced, wherever appropriate.
Unit I. Matrices (24 L)
R, R2, R3 as vector spaces over R and concept of Rn. Standard basis for
each of them. Concept of Linear Independence and examples of different
bases. Subspaces of R2, R3. Translation, Dilation, Rotation, Reflection in
a point, line and plane. Matrix form of basic geometric transformations.
Interpretation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors for such transformations
and eigenspaces as invariant subspaces. Matrices in diagonal form.
Reduction to diagonal form upto matrices of order 3. Computation of matrix
inverses using elementary row operations. Rank of matrix. Solutions of a
system of linear equations using matrices. Illustrative examples of above
concepts from Geometry, Physics, Chemistry, Combinatorics and
Statistics.
Unit II. Calculus (36 L)
Sequences to be introduced through the examples arising in Science
beginning with finite sequences, followed by concepts of recursion and
difference equations. For instance, the sequence arising from Tower of
Hanoi game, the Fibonacci sequence arising from branching habit of trees
and breeding habit of rabbits. Convergenee of a sequence and algebra
or convergent sequences. Illustration of proof of convergence of some
simple sequences such as (–1)n/n, I/n2, (1+1/n)n, sin n/n, xn with ?x? < 1.
Graphs of simple concrete functions such as polynomial, trigonometric,
inverse trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic and hyperbolic functions
arising in problems or chemical reaction, simple pendulum,
radioactive decay, temperature cooling/heating problem and biological
rhythms.
36
Successive differentiation. Leibnitz, theorem. Recursion formulae for
higher derivative.
Functions of two variables. Graphs and Level Curves of functions of two
variables. Partial differentiation upto second order. Verification of known
basic solutions of wave equation, heat equation, Laplace equation and
diffusion equation arising from diffusion of Potassium ions in cells.
Computation of Taylor’s Maclaurin’s series of functions such as ex, log
(1 + x), sin (2x), cos x. Their use in polynomial approximation and error
estimation.
Formation and solution of Differential equations arising in population
growth, radioactive decay, administration of medicine and cell division.
Unit III. Statistics (12 L)
Elementary Probability and basic laws. Discrete and Continuous Random
variable, Mathematical Expectation, Mean and Variance of Binomial,
Poisson and Normal distribution. Sample mean and Sampling Variance.
Hypothesis testing using standard normal variate. Curve Fitting. Corelation
and Regression.
Suggested Readings
1. George B. Thomas, Jr., Ross L. Finney : Calculus and Analytic
Geometry, Pearson Education (Singapore); 2001.
2. D. Waltham : Mathematics, a simple tool for Geologists, Blackwell
Science, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, Reprint from Chennai,
India (2000).
3. Richard A. Johnson : Miller and Freund’s Probability and Statistics
for Engineers, Pearson Education; 2005.
4. T.M. Apostal : Calculus, vol. 1, John Wiley and Sons (Asia) : 2002.
Note : It is desirable that softwares should be used for demonstrating
visual, graphical and application oriented approaches.
37
MA 107b. MATHEMATICS
(72 Lectures)
The objective of this course is to lay the foundations of Mathematics
required for life sciences. The focus is on introducing mathematical
concepts using relevant examples and in developing problem solving
skills. Visual, graphic and application oriented approaches are used,
wherever appropriate.
Unit I Calculus (24 L)
Sets. Functions and their graphs : polynomial, sine, cosine, exponential
and logarithmic functions. Motivation and illustration for these functions
through projectile motion, simple pendulum, biological rhythms, cell
division, muscular fibres etc. Simple observations about these functions
like increasing, decreasing and, periodicity. Sequences to be introduced
through the examples arising in Science beginning with finite sequences,
followed by concepts of recursion and difference equations. For instance,
the Fibonacci sequence arising from branching habit of trees and breeding
habit of rabbits. Intuitive idea of algebraic relationships and convergence.
Infinite Geometric Series. Series formulas for ex, log (1+x), sin x, cos x.
Step function. Intuitive idea of discontinuity, continuity and limits.
Differentiation. Conception to be motivated through simple concrete
examples as given above from Biological and Physical Sciences. Use of
methods of differentiation like Chain rule, Product rule and Quotient rule.
Second order derivatives of above functions. Integration as reverse
process of differentiation. Integrals of the functions introduced above.
Unit II Sequences and Multivariate Calculus (30 L)
Points in plane and space and coordinate form. Examples of matrices
inducing Dilation, Rotation, Reflection and System of linear equations.
Examples of matrices arising in Physical, Biological Sciences and
Biological networks. Sum and Produce of matrices upto order 3.
Functions of two variables. Partial differentiation upto second order.
Modeling and verification of solutions of differential equations arising in
population growth, administration of medicine and diffusion equation
arising from diffusion of Potassium ions in Cells.
38
Unit III. Statistics (18 L)
Mesures of central tendency. Measures of dispersion; skewness, kurtosis.
Elementary Probability and basic laws. Discrete and Continuous Random
variable, Mathematical Expectation, Mean and Variance of Binomial,
Poisson and Normal distribution. Sample mean and Sampling variance.
Hypothesis testing using standard normal variate. Curve Fitting.
Correlation and Regression. Emphasis on examples from Biological
Sciences.
Suggested Readings
1. H. S. Bear : Understanding Calculus, John Wiley and Sons (Second
Edition); 2003.
2. E. Batschelet : Introduction to Mathematics for Life Scientists,
Springer Verlag, International Student Edition, Narosa Publishing
House, New Delhi (1971, 1975)
3. A. Edmondson and D. Druce : Advanced Biology Statistics, Oxford
University Press; 1996.
4. W. Danial : Biostatistics : A foundation for Analysis in Health
Sciences, John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2004.
Note : It is desirable that softwares should be used for demonstrating
visual, graphical and application oriented approaches.
39
IN 108 LABORATORY : ELECTRONICS
AND MODERN INSTRUMENTATION
The primary objective of this Laboratory Course is to provide hands-on
exposure to basic electronic components, devices, commonly used circuit
blocks, test procedures and datagathering techniques. The emphasis will
be on introducing sensors and transducers used in measurement of
physical quantities. The course includes basic familiarization exercises,
characterization and analysis of pre-designed circuits and design
applications. Students will develop a working knowledge of functional
circuit blocks and integrated circuits commonly used in instrumentation.
The recommended systems approach is conceptually simple and would
enable the students to set up fairly advanced measurement systems for
project work.
List of Experiments
MODULE I
Unit I : Introduction to Basic Electronic Components, Test
and Measurement Instruments (2 L)
1. To gain familiarity with basic electronic components.
2. To become familiar with the use of analog and digital multimeter for
measurement of resistance, current and voltage in different ranges
and testing of components.
3. To gain familiarity with Function Generator and cathode ray
oscilloscope and
(a) Investigate signal waveforms using an oscilloscope and
calibrate frequency.
(b) Calibrate the Audio Oscillator against main frequency.
(c) Measure the phase difference between two independent
signals.
Unit II : DC Circuits (2 L)
1. To verify Ohm’s Law for a resistor across a power supply for a range
of values of R and determine the error as R is increased to mega
ohms.
40
2. To investigate the I-V characteristics of (a) Tungsten bulb, (b) diode,
and (c) Solar cell.
Unit III : RC Circuits (3 L)
1. Measure the time constant of an RC circuit.
2. To construct the RC differentiator and study the response to time
varying signals.
3. To construct the RC integrator and study the response to time
varying signals.
4. To model chemical and biological systems as RC analogs.
Unit IV : Diode Circuits (2 L)
1. To design a semiconductor power supply of given rating using (a)
half wave, and (b) full wave bridge recitifier circuits; investigate the
affect of introducing C-filter; and study voltage regulation using a
semiconductor IC.
Unit V : Transistor Circuits (2 L)
1. To investigate the transistor characteristics of a common-emitter
circuit and design an amplifier of given gain.
2. To study the use of transistor as a switch and
a. design a light operated switch circuit using a photoresistor.
b. design an opto switch using in infra-red source-sensor pair.
c. design a relay driver circuit to light a bulb.
MODULE II
Unit VI : Operational Amplifiers (5 L)
1. To design an amplifier of given gain using Op-Amp in inverting and
non-inverting configurations.
2. To measure EMF using Op-Amp.
3. To design and calibrate a differential input Op-Amp Amplifier for
measuring temperature in a given range using a thermocouple.
41
4. To design and calibrate three Op-Amp instrumentation Amplifier for
measuring temperature in a given range using a Resistance
Temperature Device (RTD).
Unit VII : Timers (2 L)
1. To design an astable oscillator of given specifications using Timer
IC 555.
2. To design a monostable oscillator of given specifications using Timer
IC 555.
Unit VIII : Digital Gates and Combinatorial Logic Circuits (3 L)
1. To design basic logic gates OR, AND, NAND, NOT, NOR using
discrete components; verify the truth tables using LED as output
indicator.
2. To design a logic system for a given real life application such as
water level indicator, vending machine, combinatorial lock, traffic light
system, etc.
3. To study use of 4-bit binary counter; use a decoder IC to display an
input 4-bit binary number as a hexadecimal number on a seven
segment display.
Unit IX : Data Converters (2 L)
1. To study and calibrate the circuit for a digital-to-analog converter.
2. To study and calibrate the circuit for analog-to-digital converter with
LED display unit for measurement of output voltage.
MODULE III
Unit X : Transducer Circuits (4 L)
1. To design a photometer using a photo-diode and use this to :
(a) determine how the intensity of light varies with distance from
the light source
(b) verify Lambert-Beer’s Law
42
2. Study of off-balance Wheatstone bridge for measurement of
fractional changes in electrical resistance of resistive transducers,
such as Resistive Temperature Device (RTD) or Strain Guage.
Project Work Based on Microcomputer-based Data-Acquisition
and Control Systems
Students may be encouraged to take up projects using microcomputerbased
techniques for real-time measurement of physical quantities and
simple control applications. This would entail use of Analog to Digital and
Digital to Analog data converter circuits along with transducer/control
circuits already studied in this laboratory course.
Suggested Readings
1. The Art of Electronics, P. Horowitz and W. Hill, Cambridge University
Press (Cambridge, 1980).
2. Student Manual for The Art of Electronics, T. C. Hayes and P.
Horowitz, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, 1989).
3. Physics Through Experiments 1, EMF Constant and Varying, B Saraf
et. al, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. (Delhi, 1992).
4. Operational Amplifiers, George Clayton, Steve Winder and G.B.
Clayton, Newnes; 5 edition (April, 2003).
5. Operational Amplified Experiment Manual, G. B. Clayton,
Butterworth-Heinemann (May, 1983).
6. Data Converters, G. B. Clayton, Halsted Pr (1982).
7. Digital Design, M. Morris Mano, Morris M. Mano, Pearson Higher
Education (1990).
43
IN 109 LABORATORY : ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES
The objective of this paper is to provide the students an exposure to
instrumental methods and analytical techniques commonly used in
Chemistry and Biology.
Experimental errors and their statistical treatment
Types of errors, precision and accuracy, absolute and relative uncertainty,
Gaussian distribution, mean value and standard deviation. Students’ T and
Q tests, confidence intervals, central charts spread sheets and finding best
straight line. The students must be encouraged to perform these tests
wherever possible using computational techniques.
Separation Techniques
1. Chromatography (5 Lab.)
(a) Separation of mixtures
(i) Paper chromatographic separation of Fe3+, Al3+ and Cr3+
OR
Paper chromatographic separation of Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+ and
Zn2+.
(ii) Identify and separate the components of a given mixture
of amino acids (glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and
tyrosine) by paper chromatography.
(iii) Separate and identify the monosaccharides present in the
given mixture (glucose and fructose) by paper
chromatography. Report and Rr values.
(b) Separate a mixture of Sudan Yellow and Sudan Red by T.L.C.
techniques and identify them on the basis of their Rr values.
(c) Chromatographic separation of the active ingredients of plant/
flower juices by TLC.
(d) Separation of ortho and para-nitroaniline by Column
Chromatography.
44
2. Solvent Extraction (2 Lab.)
To separate a mixture of Ni2+ and Fe3+ by complexing Ni2+ with DMG
and extracting the Ni2+ - DMG complex in CHCl3. Also record the
absorbance of the extracted complex at A. ? max .
3. DNA Isolation (2 Lab.)
Isolation of DNA from an actively growing tissue by disruption of noncovalent
bonds among various macromolecules (cauliflower or onion
can be used).
Electroanalytical Methods : (10 Lab.)
1. Conductometry
(a) (i) Determine the equivalent conductance of a weak
electrolyte (acetic acid) at different concentrations.
(ii) Determine the pH and conductivity of a soil sample.
(b) (i) Determine the strength of the given HCI solution by
titrating it against NaOH solution conductometrically.
(ii) Determine the strength of the given Ch3COOH solution
by titrating it against NH4OH solution conductometrically.
2. pH-Metry and Potentiometry
(a) (i) Prepare buffers of
(i) CH3COOH and CH3COONa
(ii) Citric acid and Na2HPO4
and determine their pH values using glass electrode.
(ii) Determine the pH of given aerated drinks, fruit juices,
shampoos and soaps. (Use diluted solutions of soaps and
shampoos to prevent damage to the glass electrode)
(b) Titrate given solution of HCI with NaOH pH-metrically.
(c) Determine the isoelectric point of an amino acid (e.g. glycine)
by pH-metric titration with a weak acid or a weak base.
45
(d) Determine the strength of given solution of K2Cr2O7 by titrating
with Mohr’s salt solution potentiometrically.
3. Electrophoresis
(a) Separation of mixture of 2 or 3 amino acid viz. Glycine, arsine/
lysine, aspartic acid/glutamic acid by electrophoresis.
Introduction to Spectroscopic Techniques (6 Lab.)
1. COLORIMETRY / SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
(a) To plot absorbance Vs wavelength curve for a given coloured
complex {Fe(SCN)2+} and identify ? max for the complex ion.
(b) To draw calibration curve [Absorbance at ? max vs concentration]
for various concentrations of Fe3+ in Fe(SCN)2+ complex and
estimate the concentration of Fe3+ in a given solution.
2. FLAME TECHNIQUES
Flame photometry : Determine the concentration of Na+ and K+ using flame
photometry.
Project Work
Students must be encouraged to do projects using the above techniques
and also the kits prepared by other Institutions such as Central Pollution
Control Board, Development Alternatives.
Suggested Readings
1. Vogel, Arther I. : Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis- (Rev.
by G. H. Jeffery) 5th Ed. - Singapore : Addison.
2. Willard, Hobert H. et al : Instrumental Methods of Analysis-6th ed. -
Delhi : C.B.S. Pub., 1986.
3. Christian, Gary D.; Analytical Chemistry-6th ed., - New York-John
Wiley, 2004.
4. Harris, Daniel C. : Exploring Chemical Analysis-2nd ed., - New York-
W.H. Freeman, 2001.
46
CS 110 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
As application of computers plays a central role in the study of science,
the course aims at familiarizing the students with basic concepts and
applications of computers. The course would enable the student to make
use of computers for document preparation, data analysis, visual
interpretation and electronic communication. The student would also be
able to develop small programs for solving scientific problems, making
use of suitable tools.
Unit I : Introduction : (2 Lab.)
Computer Fundamentals : Logical organization of computer, memory :
primary, secondary; input-output devices; keyboard, monitor, printers; data
representation : bits and bytes, words, number systems : decimal, binary,
octal, hexadecimal, BCD; ASCII, EBCDIC; byte codes.
User Computer Interface : Functional familiarity with operating system:
Linux/Windoes, security.
Unit II : Presentation and Communication Tools : (16 Lab.)
Document Preparation : Creating a document, entering and editing text,
formating text, using spell check, applying styles and fonts, columns,
tables and frames, merging and indexing, inserting links, working with
other applications, inserting pictures, inserting symbols.
Spreadsheet Handling : Working with worksheets : Creating a
spreadsheet, entering and formating information, basic functions and
formulas, creating charts, tables and graphs.
Presentation Software : Creating a presentation : applying special effects
(animation and sound), working with images, linking with other documents
or spreadsheets.
Internet Technology : Introduction to network terminology, internet and
intranet, connecting to internet, internet services : telnet, ftp, www, e-mail,
electronic publishing.
Unit III : Programming : (12 Lab.)
Introduction to Scientific Programming Environment : Introduction to
High level language, problem solving using algorithmic notation,
prorgramming fundamentals : input-output statements, data types and data
47
structures such as array, control structures for selection and looping,
functions, introduction to files : opening, closing, reading and writing; use
of geometric transformations for 2D and 3D objects, use of scientific
functions such as finding derivatives, interpolation, roots, use of statistical
functions such as mean, median, standard deviation, variance and
histogram, use of functions for scientific visualization, introduction to
molecular modeling tool kit (overview).
Note : Use of Star Office is recommended as it is freely downloadable,
Python to be used for programming.
References
http://www.opeooffice.org
http://www.python.org
Reference manuals of Star Office
Star office Companion, Solveing Haughland, Floyd Jones, SYBEX
Python : How to Program, Harvey M. Deitel & Paul J. Deitel, Prentice Hall
How to Think Like a Computer Scientist : Learning with Python, Allen
Downey.
48
ES 111 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(36 Lectures)
This course aims to provide an overview of the environmental and natural
resource system that are essential for a sustainable earth. The course
emphasizes the issues related to environmental degradation affecting
abiotic and biotic components with typical Indian examples. This course
would also expose the students to good practices of measures adopted
for effective management, and conservation of earth resources.
Unit I : Introduction to the Environment (8 L)
Components of the Environment & Natural Resources : Water, air, rocks,
soils, sediments and living organisms; kind’s of natural resources.
Levels of Ecological Organization : populations, communities, ecosystems,
biomes, biosphere.
Linkages within and among Components of Ecosystem : Food chain and
webs, energy flow and cycling of chemical substances and other materials
in ecosystem, hydrological cycle.
Finiteness of resources : carrying capacity; human population and
resource utilization; humanecological interrelationships.
Resources and Development : Concept of Mother Earth; Conflict between
development and environment; conservation and sustainable
development; biodiversity. Environmental Protection, global and regional
issues.
Field Trip
Unit II : Environmental Problems with Special Reference to
India (10 L)
Deforestation, soil degradation and desertification
Air pollution - sources and sinks, pollutants
Water pollution - sources and sinks, pollutants
Soil pollution - sources and sinks
Noise pollution
49
Mining related environmental problems
Hazardous wastes and Radioactive Pollution
Solid Wastes Disposal, Sewage Treatment and Sanitation
Energy and Environment - patterns and trends in energy consumption and
production
Environment, Public Health and Hygiene.
Field Trip
Unit III : Impact of Environmental Degradation (8 L)
Climate Change, Acid Rain and Damage to Forests
Pollution and damage to National Heritage Monuments
Radioactive Pollution, Nuclear winter and Mass Destruction
Biodiversity, Losses and Species Extinction
Oil Spills and Loss of Marine Life
Natural Disasters - earthquakes and seismicity, floods, drought, Tsunamis
and cyclones
Reduction of Agriculture Productivity and Pastures and associated Food
Security Concerns, Poverty and Famines.
Field Trip
Unit IV: Management of Environment and Sustainability (10 L)
Technological choices in agriculture, industrial and domestic spheres,
population, resources and sustainability.
Technological solutions : pollution abatement technologies, clean
technologies, alternate sources of energy; afforestation programmes
(Social forestry, agroforestry and alley cropping); restoration technologies
for ecological rehabilitation of degraded lands; water shed management;
bioremediation; resource recycling and biotechnologies.
Environmental auditing, environmental impact assessment and
environmental laws.
50
Field Trip
Suggested Field Activities and Visits
1. Walk/boating along Yamuna Banks
2. Sites of dumping of coal ash by power houses
3. Visit to Pollution Monitoring Units
4. Visit to Biodiversity Park
5. Visit to Bird Sanctuary.
Suggested Readings
1. Miller, G.T. Jr. Environmental Science. 10th Ed. Thomson/Brooks-
Cold (Indian edition available) 2004
2. Roy, S. Environmental Science. Publishing Syndicate, Kolkata 2003
3. Singh, H.R. and Neeraj Kumar. Ecology and Environmental Science.
Vis. Jallandhar 2004
4. Shormila Mukherjee. Fragile environment. Manak Pub. Pvt. Ltd.
Laxmi Nagar, Delhi, 2004.
51
HU 112 TECHNICAL WRITING AND
COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH
This is an enabling course which aims to give students a formal and
methodical exposure to technical writing and professional communication
skills. The approach is practical in nature. The course will provide an
opportunity to use computer-based tools for effective document
preparation and presentation.
Unit I (10 L)
Communication : Language and communication, differences between
speech and writing, distinct features of speech, distinct features of writing.
Unit II (10 L)
Writing Skills; Selection of topic, thesis statement, developing the thesis;
introductory, developmental, transitional and concluding paragraphs,
linguistic unity, coherence and cohesion, descriptive, narrative, expository
and argumentative writing.
Unit III (10 L)
Technical Writing : Scientific and technical subjects ; formal and informal
writings; formal writings/reports, handbooks, manuals, letters,
memorandum, notices, agenda, minutes; common errors to be avoided.
Suggested Readings
1. M. Frank. Writing as thinking : A guided process approach,
Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall Reagents.
2. L. Hamp-Lyons and B. Heasely : Study Writing; A course in written
English. For academic and professional purposes, Cambridge Univ.
Press.
3. R. Quirk, S. Greenbaum, G. Leech and J. Svartik : A comprehensive
grammar of the English language, Longman, London.
4. Daniel G. Riordan & Steven A. Panley : “Technical Report Writing
Today” - Biztaantra.
52
Additional Reference Books
5. Daniel G. Riordan, Steven E. Pauley, Biztantra : Technical Report
Writing Today, 8th Edition (2004).
6. Contemporary Business Communication, Scot Ober, Biztantra, 5th
Edition (2004).
53
2nd Year
55
CHEMISTRY
CH 201 INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
(3 Lectures per week)
Unit I : (34 L)
General Principles of Metallurgy
Chief modes of occurrence of metals based on standard electrode
potential. Hydrometallurgy. Ellingham diagrams. Methods of refining and
purification of metals : electrolytic, oxidative refining. Kroll Process, Parting
process, van Arkel - de Boer method, Mond process. 5
s- and p - Block Elements
Periodicity in s - and p- block elements w.r.t. electronic configuration,
atomic and ionic size, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy,
electronegativity (Pauling and Mullikan scales), allotropy and catenation,
oxidation states (with special reference to elements in unusual and rare
oxidation states like in alkalides, carbides, nitrides), inert pair effect,
diagonal relationship and anomalous behaviour of first member of each
group.
Solutions of alkali metals in liquid ammonia and their properties.
Complexes of s- and p- block elements.
Hydrides and their classification (ionic, covalent and interstitial), structure
and variations in properties with respect to stability, reducing behaviour
and acid/base strength of hydrides of various Groups of p- block elements.
A study of the following compounds with emphasis on structure, bonding
and their important properties like oxidation/reduction, acidic/basic nature
and their applications in industrial, organic and environmental chemistry:
Hydrides of nitrogen (NH3, N2H4, N3H2 NH2OH)
Oxides and oxo-acids of N. P. S and Cl.
Halides - SiCl4, Sncl2, PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2, SO2Cl2. 23
Inorganic Polymers : Comparison between inorganic and organic
polymers. Synthesis, structural aspects and applications of borazine,
silicates, silicones and phosphazine. 6
56
Unit II : Bio-Inorganic Chemistry (11 L)
A brief introduction to bio-inorganic chemistry. Role of metal ions present
in biological systems with special reference to Na2, K2,Mg2- ions : Na/K
pump; role of Mg2 ions in energy production transmission of impulses
along nerve fibers and chlorophyll; role of ca2- ions in blood clotting,
muscle contraction, stabilization of protein structures and structural role
(bones). 5
Chemistry Toxicity : Toxicity of As, Cd, Pb. Hg, CO, NOx, SOx, H2S,
their sources of contamination. Causes of toxicity (biochemical effects)
and antidotes. 6
Unit III : States of Matter (13 L)
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Collision cross section, collision number, collision frequency, collision
diameter and mean free path of molecules and also effects of temperature
and pressure on them (for ideal gases). Viscosity of gases, relation
between mean free path and coefficient of viscosity. Temperature and
pressure dependence of coefficient of viscosity. Degrees of feedom of
motion, principle of equipartition of energy.
Maxwell distribution laws of molecular velocities and molecular energies
(only graphical representation - derivation not required) and their
importance. Temperature dependence of these distributions. Most
probable, average and root mean square velocities (no derivation).
Real gases, compressibility factor, deviation of real gases from ideal
behaviour. Causes of this deviation van der Waals equation of state for
real gases. Brief mention of various other equations of state of real gases
(viz. the Virial equation and the Berthelot equation). Calculation of Boyle
temperature from van der Waals equation of state. Principles of
liquefaction of gases. Critical phenomena, critical constants and their
calculation from van der Waals equation. Andrews isotherms of CO2.
Continuity of states. Law of Corresponding States. Derivation of the
reduced equation of state and its physical significance. 10
Liquids
Surface tension and its determination using stalagmometer. Viscosity of
a liquid and determination of coefficient of viscosity using Ostwald
viscometer. Effect of temperature on surface tension and coefficient of
viscosity of a liquid (qualitative treatment only). 3
57
Unit IV: Systems of Variable Composition and Solutions (12 L)
Systems of Variable Composition
Partial molar quantities and their physical significance. Chemical potential,
variation of chemical potential with temperature and pressure. Free Energy
and entropy of mixing of ideal gases. Gibbs - Duhem equation. 2
Solutions
Thermodynamics of Ideal Solutions : ideal Solutions and Raoult’s law.
Deviations from Raoult’s law - non-ideal solutions. Isothermal vapour
pressure - composition (and isobaric boiling point-composition) curves of
ideal and non-ideal solutions. Distillation of ideal and non-ideal solutions.
Lever rule. Azeotropes., Partial miscibility of liquids. Critical solution
temperature. Immiscibilty of liquids. Principle of steam distillation. 5
Colligative Properties of Dilute Solutions
Thermodynamics of dilute solutions : thermodynamic derivations (from
chemical potential) of the expressions in terms of molailty for the elevation
in boiling point, depression in freezing point and osmotic pressure of a
dilute ideal solution. Relationship between different colligative properties.
Determination of molar masses of non-volatile solutes (non-electrolytes).
Colligative properties of electrolytic solutions, van’t Hoff factor and its
applications. 5
58
CH 202 ORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
(3 Lectures per week)
Unit - I : Organic Reactions and their Mechanisms
(Substitution, Addition, Elimination, Rearrangement);
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions (40 L)
Addition Reactions
Alkenes and Alkynes (Ethene, Propene, Ethyne and Propyne) :
Hydrogenation, Halogen addition, hydrohalogenation (Markovnikov’s and
anti Markovnikov’s), hydration, hydroboration, hydroxylation (cis and
trans), oxymercuration - demercuration, ozonolysis and carbene addition.
Reactivity of alkenes vs alkynes.
Alkadienes (Butadiene) : Hydrogenation, halogen addition and Diels-Alder
reaction.
Aromatic hydrocarbons (Benzene) : Hydrogenation, halogen addition
and ozonolysis.
Aldehydes and ketones (Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde
and acetone) :
Addition reaction with sodium bisulphite, hydrogen cyanide and alcohols.
Addition-elimination reactions with ammonia and its derivatives as well
as the following name reactions - Aldol, Cross - Aldol, Perkin, Claisen,
Knoevengel, Wittig, Cannizzaro, Cross Cannizzaro and Benzoin
condensation. 9
Substitution Reactions
(a) Free radical substitution reactions : Halogenation of alkanes,
allylic compounds and alkyl benzenes.
(b) Nucleophilic substitution reactions : Alkyl, Allyl and Benzyl
halides- Substitution of halogen by important nucleophiles. Mechanism
of SN1 and SN2 reactions (stereochemistry, nature of substrate,
nucleophile and leaving group).
Aryl halides : Substitution reaction of chlorobenzene by SnAr and
benzyne machanism.
59
Benzenediazonium chloride : replacement of diazo group (nucleophilic
and free radical mechanism).
Benezene sulphonic acid : substitution of sulphonic acid group by
important reagents.
Alcohols, Phenols and Amines : substitution of active hydrogen.
Replacement of hydroxyl group in alcohols (using PCL5, SOCl2, and Hl),
glycol and glycerol (using Hl).
Carboxylic acid derivatives : Hydrolysis.
Ethers - cleavage of ethers by hydroiodic acid.
(c) Electrophilic substitution reactions (Aromatic compounds) : General
mechanism of electrophilic substitution, directive influence of substituents
and the following reactions; Nitration. Halogenation and sulphonation,
Alkylation (Friedal Craft’s alkylation). Acylation (Friedal Crafts and Hoesch
condensation), Formylation (Gattermann, Gattermann - Koch and Reimer-
Tiemann reactions) Carboxylation (Kolbe-Schmidt reaction) and coupling
of benzenediazonium chloride with phenols and amines. 16
Elimination Reactions
Alkyl halides (dehydrohalogenation), vicinal dihalides (dehalogenation),
alcohols (dehydration) — Quaternary ammonium salts (Hofmann’s
elimination) and Cope elimination (Amine-oxides). Mechanism of E1 and
E2 reactions (nature of substrate and base) and elimination vs
substitution. 5
Rearrangement Reactions
Pinacol - Pinacolone, Hofmann bromamide. Curtius, Schmidt, Lossen,
Beckmann, Benzil - Benzilic acid. Benzidine. Fries rearrangement.
cumene hydroperoxide (phenol from cumene). 5
Oxidations
Aromatic side chain oxidation with potassium permanaganate, potassium
dichromate, chromium trioxide-acetic anhydride. Etard reaction.
Alcohols with potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, catalytic
dehydrogenation and Oppenauer oxidation, Oxidation of 1.2 - diols with
periodic acid and lead tetraacetate.
Aldehydes with Chromic acid, potassium permanganate, selenium
dioxide, Tollen’s and Fehling solution.
60
Ketones with Potassium permanganate, selenium dioxide, sodium
hypoiodite (iodoform reaction) and Baeyer-Villiger oxidation.
Amines with Hydrogen peroxide. Trifluoroperoxy acetic acid and
peroxydisulphuric acid. 3
Reductions
Aldehydes and ketones : Catalytic hydrogenation, reduction with sodium
borohydride, lithium aluminium hydride. Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner,
Meerwein Ponndorf-Verley, Bouveault-Blane reduction and formation of
pinacols.
Carboxylic acids and derivatives : Lithium aluminium hydride, Sodiumethanol,
Stephen’s reaction and Rosenmund reduction.
Nitro benzene : Acidic, alkaline and neutral reducing agents, Lithium
aluminium hydride and electrolytic reduction.
Diazonium salts : Benzenediazonium chloride - reduction to aniline and
phenyl hydrazine. 2
Unit II : Active Methylene Compounds and Grignard
Reagents (5 L)
Active methylene compounds - preparation, properties and synthetic
applications of Ethyl accetoacetate and diethyl malonate. 5
Grignard Reagents - preparation and reactions.
Unit III : Conductance & Electrochemical Cells (16 L)
Conductance
Conductance and its measurement conductivity, equivalent and molar
conductivity. Explanation of variation of conductivity, equivalent and molar
conductivity with dilution of weak and strong electrolytes. Kohlrausch law
of independent migration of ions. Transference number and its
experimental determination using Hittorf and Moving boundary methods
Ionic velocity and ionic mobility. Applications of conductance
measurements : determination of degree of ionisation of weak electrolyte,
solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts, ionic product of
water, hydrolysis constant of a salt. Conductometric titrations (only acidbase).
Activity and activity coefficient of strong electrolytes Ionic strength of a
61
solution. Debye Huckel theory of activity coefficients (derivation not
required. 8
Electrochemical Cells
Reversible and Irreversible cells. Measurement of EMF of a cell :
Thermodynamics of a reversible cell : calculation of thermodynamic
properties ?G, ?H and ?S from EMF data. Nernst equation Types of
electrodes (including reference electrodes such as glass and calomel
electrodes). Standard electrode potential. Determination of standard EMF
of a cell. Calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data.
Concentration cells (both electrode and electrolytic) with transference and
without transference. Liquid junction potential. pH determination using
hydrogen electrode, glass electrode and quinone-hydroquinone electrode.
Potentiometric titrations.
Unit IV : Chemical Equilibrium & Phase Equilibrium (9 L)
Chemical Equilibrium
Thermodynamic derivation of the law of chemical equilibrium. van’t Hoff
reaction isotherm ?GO = - RT In KP. Distinction between ?G and ?GO, Le
Chatelier’s principle, Thermodynamic treatment of temperature and
pressure dependence of equilibrium constant - van’t Hoff equation.
Phase Equilibrium
Explanation of the terms : phase (P), component (C) and degree of
freedom (F), Criteria of phase equilibria. Gibbs Rule (F + P = C + 2) and
its themodynamic derivation. Derivation of Clausius - Clapeyron equation
and its importance in phase equilibria. Phase diagrams of one component
systems (water and sulphur systems) and two component system (leadsilver
system to explain desilverisation of lead). Nernst Distribution Law
(derivation not required) and its applications.
62
CH 203 CHEMISTRY LABORATORY - I
Note : Practical examination will include three exercises - one each out
of the following physical, organic and inorganic chemistry
experiments.
1. Determination of critical solution temperature for phenol - water
system.
2. Comparison of osmotic pressures of different concentrations of
aqueous solutions of sugars, salts by measuring the heights to which
the solvents rise.
3. Determination of surface tension of a liquid using a stalgmometer.
4. Determination of relative and absolute viscosities of a liquid using
on Ostwald viscometer.
5. Preparation of the following compounds :
a. Carboxylic acids by alkaline hydrolysis of an Ester/Amide
b. Benzoyl derivatives of amines and phenols.
c. m-Dinitrobenzene from nitrobenzene.
d. Osazone of glucose / fructose
6. Following organic transformations using biocatalysts
a. Fermentation of sucrose with yeast and lab test of the alcohol
so formed (iodoform test).
b. Hydrolysis of an ester.
c. Organic estimation of :
(i) Aniline by Bromate - Bromide method
(ii) Glycine by Sorensen’s method
7. Semi-micro qualitative analysis using H2S/ PTC / Thioacetamide or
any other reagent of mixtures containing not more than six ionic
species (three anions and three cations and excluding insoluble salts
and interfering anions) out of the following. Spot tests should be
carried out wherever feasible :
- - - -
+ + + + + - - - - - - -
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
2
3 4
2 3
2
2 3
2
3
2 2
3
2 2 2 2
2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 2
4
,1 , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , ,
Br NO SO
Zn Ba Sr Ca K CO S SO S O NO CH COO Cl
NH Pb Ag Bi Cu Cd Sn Fe Al Co Cr Ni Mn
63
Suggested Readings
1. J. D. Lee : A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry, E.L.B.S.
2. F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson : Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley.
3. D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins : Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford
University Press.
4. Gary Wulfsberg : Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.
5. T. W. Graham Solomons : Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.
6. R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd : Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.
7. I. I. Finar : Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II) E. L. B. S.
8. Jerry March : Advanced organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons
9. P. W. Atkins : Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press.
10. G. W. Castellan : Physical Chemistry, Narosa Publishing House.
Additional Reference Books
1. K. M. Mackay and R. A. Mackay, Introduction to Modern Inorganic
Chemistry, Intertext.
2. James E, Hubeey, Ellen Keiter and Richard Keiter : Inorganic
Chemistry : Principles of Structure and Reactivity, Person
Publication.
3. Peter Sykes : A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry,
Orient Longman.
4. F. A. Carey : Organic Chemistry, Tata Mc-Graw Hill
5. W. J. Moore : Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall.
6. G. M. Barrow - Physical Chemistry, Tata McGaw-Hill.
64
PHYSICS
PH 201 METHEMATICAL PHYSICS
(Physical Sciences / Applied Physical Sciences)
(70 Lectures)
Vector analysis: (18 L)
Scalar and vector products. Vector calculus; gradient, divergence and curl
of a vector Gauss’ theorem and stokes’ theorem. Line, surface and volume
integrals. Line, surface, volume elements and ?2 in cylindrical and
spherical polar coordinates.
Complex variables: (25 L)
Complex variables, complex numbers and their graphical representation.
de Moiver’s theorem, Roots of complex numbers. Euler’s formula.
Functions of complex variables. Analytic functions. Multiple valued
functions. Cauchy-Reimann condition. Analytic functions. Singularities.
Differentiation and integration of function of complex variable. Cauchy’s
integral Formula. Residue theorem. Taylor and Laurent series. Singular
point, poles, essential and removable singularities. Contour integration.
Special functions: (11 L)
Legendre, Bessel, Hermite and laguerre functions, Generating function.
Recurrence relations. Legendre, Bessel and Hermite differential equations.
Orthogonality. Gamma functions.
Fourier series: (6 L)
Fouries series, Dirichlet conditions. Since and cosine series. Applications
to square wave, triangular wave. Half wave and full wave rectifier and
simple functions.
Integral transform: (10 L)
Fourier transform: Sine and cosine transform. Solution of one- dimensional
differential wave equation.
65
Laplace transform: transform of elementary functions, derivatives and
integrals, unit step function, periodic functions. Translation, substitution.
Solution of first and second order differential equations with constant
cofficients.
Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Erwin Kreyszing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Schaum outline series (Vector analysis, Complex variable, Fourier Analysis), Tata
McGraw-Hill.
Mathematical Physiscs; a modern introduction to its foundation, Sadri Hassani,
Springer-Verlag
Advance Engineering Mathematics, C. Ray Wylie and Louis C. Barrett, Tata
McGraw-Hill Edition.
66
PH 202 THERMAL PHYSICS
(Physical Sciences / Applied Physical Sciences)
(70 Lectures)
Thermodynamics: (15 L)
Zeroth and first of thermodynamics. Reversible and irreversible processes.
Carnot’s cycle, Carnot’s theorem. Second law of thermodynamics and
entropy. Thermodynamic temperature. Entropy change in reversible and
irreversible processes.
Thermodynamic potentials. Enthalpy, Gibbs’ and Helmholtz’s functions.
Joule’s Thomson effect, cooling of Van der Waals gas, Maxwell relations
and their applications. Claussius-Clapyron equation.
Kinetic theory: (15 L)
Derivation of Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocities and its experimental
verification. Mean free path. Law of equipartition of energy and its
applications to specific heat of gases. Transport phenomenon ; viscosity,
conduction and diffusion. Brownian motion.
Statistical mechanics: (5 L+20 L+15 L)
Micro and Macro states, Thermodynamic probability. Partition Function,
Entropy, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, Thermodynamic properties of
ideal-gas
Bose-Einstein Distribution Function, Thermodynamic properties of photon
gas, Bose Einstein Condensation and its experimental verification
(qualitative treatment only). Bose derivation of Planck’s Law. Its special
cases i.e. Rayleigh Jeans and Wein’s displacement law. Stefan-Boltzman
law
Fermi Dirac Statistics: Fermi Dirac Distribution function, Completely and
Strongly degenerate Fermi gas. Specific heat of metals. Relativistic
degenerate Fermi gas. Chandrashekhar mass limit for white dwarf stars.
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, Greiner, Springer
Heat and Thermodynamics, Zemanskay and Dittman, Mc Graw Hill
Statistical Mechanics, R.K. Patharia, Pergamin press, Oxford
67
PH 203 PHYSICS LABORATORY - I
(Physical Sciences/Applied Sciences)
1. Determination of Stefan’s constant.
2. Thermal conductivity of good conductor by Searles method
3. Temperature coefficient of resistance by PRT
4. Calibration of Thermocouple.
5. Study of BG (charge sensitivity, CDR)
6. High resistance by Leakage method
7. Ratio of two capacitances by De-Saughty bridge
8. Coefficient of Mutual inductance by absolute method
9. Determination of ? of light by Newton’s ring.
10. Low resistance by Carey Foster Bridge
11. Determine the Cauchy’s constant and dispersive power of Prism.
12. Determination of ? of Na light by diffraction grating.
13. To determine the ? of light by Fresnel’s biprism
14. Programming using 8085 microprocessor.
Add and subract two 8-bit numbers.
Multiply two 8-bit numbers.
Divide two 8-bit numbers.
Check the parity of a number.
A Minimum of ten experiments are to be performed by each student.
68
MATHEMATICS
MA 201 CALCULUS AND GEOMETRY
(4 Lectures+1 tutorial a week)
Total marks 150
Examination 112
Internal Assessment 38
Unit I: Geometry of complex numbers and polynomial equations
(15 marks)
Geometrical representation of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division of complex numbers. Lines half planes, circles, discs in terms of
complex variables. Statement of the Fundamental Theorem of Algerbra
and its consequences, Relation between roots and coefficients for and
polynomial equation. Results about occurrence of repeated roots, rational
roots, surd roots and complex roots. De Moivre’s theorem for rational
indices and its simple applications.
Unit II: Calculus 60
Limit and continuity of a function: (e, d) and sequential approach.
Properties of continuous functions including intermediate value theorem.
Differentiability. Darboux’s theorem, Rolle’s theorem, Lagrange’s mean
value theorem, Cauchy mean value theorem with geometrical
interpretations. Uniform continuity.
Definitions and techniques for finding asymptotes singular points,
concavity, convexity, points of inflexion for functions. Tracing of standard
curves.
Integration of irrational functions. Reduction formulae. Rectification.
Quadrature. Volumes. Surfaces of revolution.
Unit III: Geometry and Vector Calculus 37
Techniques for sketching parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. Reflection
properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola . Classification of quadratic
equations representing lines, parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. Polar
equations of conic sections.
69
Differentiation of vector valued functions, gradient, divergence, curl and
their geometrical interpretation.
Spheres, Cylindrical surfaces. Illustrations of graphing standard quadric
surfaces like cone, ellipsoid.
Recommended Books
1. H. Anton, I. Bivens and S. Davis: Calculus, John Wiley and Sons
(Asia) Pte. Ltd. 2002.
2. R.G. Bartle and D.R. Sherbert : Introduction to Real Analysis , John
Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pte, Ltd; 1982
3. A.I. Kostrikin: Introduction to Algebra, Springer Verlag, 1984.
Further References
1. K.A. Ross: Elementary Analysis- The Theory of Calculus Series-
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer Verlag, 2003
2. G.B. Thomas and R.L. Finney: Calculus and Analytic Geometry,
Pearson Education (Singapose), 2001.
3. S.L. Salas, E. Hille and G.J. Etgen: Calculus of One and Several
Variables John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999.
70
MA 202 ALGEBRA AND DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
(4 Lectures + 1 tutorial per week)
Total marks: 150
Examination 112
Internal Assessment 38
Unit I : Groups, Rings and Vector spaces 6
Groups: Definition and examples of groups, examples of abelian and nonabelian
groups: the group Zn of integers under addition modulo n and the
group U (n) of units under multiplication modulo n. Cyclic groups from
number systems, complex roots of unity, circle group, the general linear
group GLn (n,R), groups of symmetries of (i) an isosceles triangle, (ii) an
equilateral triangle, (iii) a rectangle, and (iv) a square, groups of
transformations in a plane, the permutation group Sym (n), Group of
quaternions, crystallographic groups.
Subgroups, cyclic subgroups, the concept of a subgroup generated by a
subset and the commutator subgroup of group, examples of subgroups
including the center of a group. Cosets, Index of subgroup, Lagrange’s
theorem, order of an element, Euler and Fermat’s theorem, order of HK
where H and K are subgroups. Normal subgroups: their definition,
examples, and characterizations, Quotient groups.
Rings: Definition an examples of rings, examples of commutative and noncommutative
rings: rings from number systems, Zn the ring of integers
modulo n, ring of real quaternions, rings of matrices, polynomial rings,
and rings of continuous functions. Subrings and ideals, Integral domains
and fields, examples of fields: Zp, Q, R, and C. Field of rational functions.
Vector spaces: Definition and examples of vector spaces. Subspaces
and its properties Linear independence, basis, invariance of basis size,
dimension of a vector space.
Unit II : Ordinary Differential equations 37
First order exact differential equations. Integrating factors, rules to find
and integrating factor. First order higher degree equations solvable for
71
x,y,p=dy/dx. Methods for solving higher-order differential equations. Basic
theory of linear differential equations, Wronskian, and its properties.
Solving an differential equation by reducing its order. Linear homogenous
equations with constant coefficients. Linear non-homogenous equations.
The method of variation of parameters, The Cauchy-Euler equation.
Simultaneous differential equations, total differential equations.
Applications of differential equations: the vibrations of a mass on a spring,
mixture problem, free damped motion, forced motion, resonance
phenomena, electric circuit problem, mechanics of simultaneous
differential equations.
Unit III : Partial Differential Equations 15
Order and degree of partial differential equations. Concept of linear and
non-linear partial differential equations. Formation of first order partial
differential equations. Linear partial differential equation of first order,
Lagrange’s method, Charpit’s method. Classification of second order
partial differential equations into elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic through
illustrations only. Applications to Traffic Flow.
Recommended Books
1. Joseph A Gallian: Contemporary Abstract Algebra, fourth edition,
Narosa, 1999.
2. George E Andrews: Number Theory, Hindustan Publishing
Corporation. 1984 (Only sections 1-3 of chapter 12)
3. Shepley L. Ross: Differential equations, Third edition, John Wiley
and Sons, 1984
4. I. Sneddon: Elements of partial differential equations, McGraw-Hill,
International Edition, 1967.
72
BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY (LIFE SCIENCES)
LS 201 BIODIVERSITY I : PLANTS
Biodiversity has been referred to as “The planet Earth’s most valuable
resource”. Understanding biodiversity requires a proper analysis of
different organisms for their correct identification, proper naming and
scientific classification. Information on the relationship amongst species
is essential for evaluation biodiversity. This paper provides an evolutionary
sequence in studying Biodiversity with reference to the plant Kingdom. It
cover all groups of organisms traditionally studied by botanists, and
emphasizes the importance of taxonomy in understanding Plant Diversity.
Unit I Diversity in Nature
Three domain classification (Karl Woelse); Understanding
diversity from and evolutionary perspective from prokaryotes
(bacteria cyano bacteria) to higher plants (angiosperms).
Unit II Relevance of Plant Diversity
The importance of plants in human life.
Unit III Classification
Characterization as the basis of classification. Introduction to
taxonomic hierarchy (Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, Species) and identification; Nomenclature. Artificial,
Natural and Phylogenetic systems with special emphasis on
Bentham & Hooker’s system and Takhtajan’s system.
Introduction to Modern methods in plant taxonomy.
Unit IV Viruses and Becteria
A general account of structure, reproduction and types Diversity
in Cyanobacteria, nitrogen fixation. Study of Nostoc.
Unit V Algae
A general account with stress on the significant characters and
importance of the algae. Study of vegetative and reproductive
structure of Volvox, Oedogonium, Vaucheria, Ectocarpus and
Polysiphonia.
73
Unit VI Fungi
An account of the general characters and the basic criteria used
in fungal taxonomy. Ainsworth’s classification. Study of
vegetative and reproductive structures of Rhizopus, Penicillium,
Albugo, Puccinia and Agaricus. A General account of the
Lichens.
Unit VII Archegoniatae
An introduction to the Archegoniate with emphasis on general
characters and adaptation to land habit. Concept of apogamy
and apospory; experimental studies in Bryophytes and
Pteridophytes. Characteristic features and classification of
Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. Study of vegetative and
reproductive structures of Marchantia, Funaria, Selaginella,
Equisetum and Pteris.
Unit VIII Gymnosperms
Distribution and important characters of Gymnosperms
Vegetative and reproductive structures in different groups giving
examples from Cycas, Pinus, Ephedra and Gingko. Outline of
classification and economic importance.
Unit IX Angiosperms
General account, with emphasis on important characters.
Diversity in form, structure and function.
Suggested Readings
Moore, R., Clarke, W.D., and Vodopich D. S. 1998. Botany (2nd
edition)- McGraw-Hill, New York.
Raven, P.H., Evert, K.F., and Eichhorn, S.E. 1999. Biology of Plants
(5th edition). W.H. Freeman and Co. Worth Publishers, New York.
Raven, P. H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B., and Singer, S.R. 2005.
Biology. Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi.
Bold, H.C., Alexopoulos, C., and Delevoras, T. 1980. Morphology
of Plants and Fungi (4th edition). Harper and Row. New York.
Alexopoulos, C. J., C. W. Mims and Blackwell. 1996. Introductory
Mycology, 4th ed., John Wiley and Sons Inc.
74
Bhatnagar, S.P. & Moitra, A. 1996 Gymnosperms. New Age Int. Publ.
House. New Delhi.
Gurcharan Singh, 2004. Plant Systematics – Theory and Practice
(2nd Ed.) Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Srivastava, Sheela and Srivastava, P.S. 2004 Understanding
Becteria Springer Verlag, Germany/Kluwer Acad., Netherlands.
Foster, A.S. & Gifford, E.M. (1959). Comparative Morphology of
Vascular Plants, Freeman, San Francisco.
75
LS 202 BIODIVERSITY II : ANIMALS
Knowledge of animal diversity has an immense potential and utility,
integration in modern scientific fields. Contemporary study of animal
diversity cannot be carried out just in terms of their structure and functions;
these have rather to be projected as a tool in understanding varied
complexities of biological organization in order to find appropriate answers
to unresolved issues. The present syllabus provides a strong and
comprehensive base for animal diversity studies with this perspective.
Unit I Classification
General characteristics and outline classification of different
animal groups (up to classes for Non-Chordates and up to orders
for Chordates).
Unit II Protista
Locomotion, Reproduction, Economic importance of Protozoans.
Unit III Porifera
Skeleton, Canal System.
Unit IV Cnidaria
Metagenesis, Polymorphism, Corals and Coral reefs.
Unit V Helminthes
Parasitic adaptations and evolution of Parasitism.
Unit VI Annelida
Coelom, Metamerism, Excretion, Modes of Life in Polychaetes.
Unit VII Arthropoda
Vision, Respiration, Crustacean Larvae.
Unit VIII Mollusca
Torsion and Detorsion, Shell, Respiration.
Unit IX Echinodermata
Water Vascular system, Larval forms.
Unit X Protochordata
Salient features, affinities.
76
Unit XI Pisces
Respiration, Osmoregulation, Migration of Fishes.
Unit XII Amphibia
Respiration, Parental care.
Unit XIII Reptilia (The first Amniotes)
Terrestrial Adaptation, Biting Mechanism in snake.
Unit XIV Aves
Respiration, Flight, Endothermy.
Unit XV Mammalia
Integument, Dentition, Evolution of Man.
Suggested Readings
Barnes, R.D. (1992). Invertebrate Zoology. Saunders College
Publishers, USA.
Campbell & Reece (2005). Biology, Pearson Education, (Singapore)
Pvt. Ltd.
Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. (2002). Zoology. Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Kardong, K. V. (2002). Vertebrates Comparative Anatomy. Function
and Evolution. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company. New Delhi.
Raven, P. H. and Johnson, G. B. (2004). Biology, 6th edition, Tata
McGraw Hill Publications. New Delhi.
77
LS 203 CELL BIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY
AND IMMUNOLOGY
After biology course in school and foundation course in first year, the
present course in cell biology, biochemistry and immunology is a logical
sequel in progression and furtherance of knowledge in life science. Cell,
the basic functional unit of life, desirably should be studied with emphasis
on structure-function correlation. To facilitate this, essentials of biochemistry
are an integral part of this paper. Immunology has been included as part of
this course to learn about the dynamics of defense mechanisms the nature
has provided to the cell.
Unit I The Cell
A brief introduction, cell theory, cell cycle and its regulation.
Unit II Tools and Techniques
Phase contrast, Fluorescence and Confocal microscopy, SEM,
TEM. Cell fractionation. Chromatography: Paper and TLC.
Electrophoresis. Use of radioisotopes: Autoradiography.
Spectrophotometry. X-ray diffraction.
Unit III Cell and cell membrane
Cell wall: chemical components, structure and functions. Cell
membrane: Models of cell membrane, transport mechanisms
across cell membrane, plasmodesmata and junctions. Extracellular
matrix of animal cells.
Unit IV Cell organelles
Mitochondria: structure and function, Racker’s Experiment.
Chloroplasts: structure and function, thylakoid membrane
Structure. Nucleus: structure and function, nuclear pore complex,
nucleoius and its functions. Ribosomes: structure and function in
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell. ER, Golgi apparatus, microbodies,
lysosomes and peroxisomes.
Unit V Cytoskleton
Microtubules: structure and function. Structure of cilia and flagella.
Microfilaments.
Unit VI Biomolecules
Carbohydrates: Structure and functional significance of mono78
di-and polysaccharides. Lipids: structure, nomenclature, and
functional significance of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids,
glycolipids and steroids, lipid peroxidation and role of antioxidants.
Amino acids and Proteins: structure and general properties, role
of chaperones in protein conformationy physiologically important
peptides and proteins.
Unit VII Metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, pentose
phosphate pathway, gluconeosenesis. Lipid metabolism: beta
oxidation of fatty acids, ketogenesis. Protein metabolism:
Overview of protein degradation, catabolism of amino acids
transamination, oxidative deamination, blood transport of amino
nitrogen, Fate of glycogenic and ketogenic amino acids.
Biosynthesis of urea. Intermediary metabolism: Inter-relationships
of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism.
Unit VIII Enzymes
Nomenclature, classification, kinetics, mechanisms of action,
inhibition.
Unit IX Immunology
Overview of immune system: innate, acquired immunity.
Generation of immunogenicity, recognition of antigens, properties
of B-cell and T-cell epitopes, antigen-antibody interactions.
Immune effector mechanisms: Cytokines, complement system,
hypersensitive reactions. Immune system in health and disease:
vaccines, autoimmunity, AIDS, diagnostic tools.
Suggested Readings
Lehninger, A. L. Nelson, D. K. and Cox, M. M. (1993). Principles of
Biochemistry, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
Roitt, I.M. Essential Immunology. (2001). Blackwell Scientific
Publications, New York.
Sheeler, P. and D. E. Bianchi. (1987). Cell and Molecular Biology.
John Wiley & Sons, New York.
De Robertis, E. D. P. and De Robertis, E. M. F. Jr. (2002). Cell and
Molecular Biology, Lipponcott Williams and Wilkins, USA.
Richard, A.G. Kindt, T.J., Osborne, B.A. and Kuby, J. (2003).
Immunology, W. H. Freeman and Co. New York.
79
LS 204 GENETICS, GENOMICS AND
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
This course is designed for those students who have studied a general
biology at first year level of B.Sc. Life Science. An attempt has been made
to cover most aspects of genetics and its peripheral areas, which an
undergraduate student must know. With the advent of recombinant DNA
technology, the science of genetics has crossed a major milestone. The
DNA sequences of a number of organisms including humans have already
been worked out. This represents a major advancement and a new branch
of genetics called genomics, is developing rapidly. Moreover, recent
developments in molecular biology and biotechnology have impacted
heavily almost all disciplines of biological sciences. The present syllabus
has been drafted, keeping in mind the importance of classical genetics
and molecular biology and significance of recent development keeping
human perspective in mind.
Unit I Heredity
Mendel’s Laws of inheritance, Gene interactions: allelic and nonallelic,
modified dihybrid ratios, complementary genes, epistasis,
additive, inhibitory, lethal genes, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance,
cytoplasmic inheritance.
Unit II Genetic material and its organization
Chromosome morphology, karyotype and ideogram, Special types
of chromosomes. Salivary gland chromosome, lampbrush
chromosome. DNA/RNA as genetic material, nature of genetic
material, Watson & Crick’s model, A, B and Z forms of DNA,
chromatin organisation and packaging in eukaryotic
chromosomes.
Unit III Variation in Chromosome number and structure
Euploidy, polyploidy, aneuploidy in plants and animals.
Methylation and gene silencing. Down’s syndrome, Turner’s
syndrome and Kleinfelter’s syndrome, Chromosomal aberrations
deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation.
80
Unit IV Linkage and Crossing over
Linkage, frequency of recombination and crossing over,
cytological basis of crossing over; Sex determination and sexlinked
inheritance.
Unit V Mutation
Types of mutation, mutagens — role of mutations in plant and
animal improvements and in evolution.
Unit VI Genomics
Genome diversity and phylogeny, genetical and physical maps,
genome wide sequence, bacterial, plant, animal and human
genome (size and special features), introduction to functional
genomics.
Unit VII DNA replication in pro- and eukaryotes
Gene concept, mechanisms of DNA replication, inhibitors of DNA
replication.
Unit VIII Transfer of genetic information in pro- and eukaryotes
Transcription — types and structure of RNA, role of polymerase,
initiation, elongation and termination of transcription, posttranscriptional
modifications and inhibitors; splicing mechanisms.
Translation-genetic code-features and deciphering of genetic
code, inhibitors of protein synthesis.
Unit IX Regulation of gene expression
Prokaryotes inducible and repressible systems, positive and
negative controls, DNA methylation. In eukaryotes: Tissuespecific
and developmental stage specific expression of genes,
gene amplification, puffing in polytene chromosomes.
Unit X Molecular basis of recombination
Holliday model, role of rec genes in genetic recombination.
81
Unit XI Cell-signaling and Programmed cell death (Apoptosis)
Modes — endocrine, paracrine and autocrine signaling, signal
transduction pathway of steroids and peptide hormones.
Mechanisms of apoptosis, Role of apoptosis in human diseases.
Unit XII Oncogenes and cancer
Types of cancers — sarcomas, carcinomas, leukemias and
lymphomas. Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes.
Suggested Readings
Hartl, D. L. and E. W. Jones. 1998. Genetics: Principles and Analysis.
Jones and Bartlett, USA.
Hartwell, L. H. Hood, L., Goldberg, m.l., Reynolds, A. E. Silver, L.M.,
and Veres, R. C. 2004. Genetics — from genes to genomes (Second
Edition). Mc Graw Hill, USA.
Lewis, R. 1999. Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications. (3rd
Edition) McGraw Hill, Dubuque, lA.
Russel, P.J. 1998, Genetics. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing
Co. Inc., USA.
Snustad, D.P. and M.J. Simmons. 2000. Principles of Genetics, 2nd
ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Stern, C. 1973 Principles of Human Genetics. W. H. Freeman, San
Francisco.
Strickberger, M. W. 1985. Genetics. Collier MacMillan, Canada.
82
LS 205 LAB
Bio Diversity I : Plants
Paper I
1. Viruses: EM of TMV and Bacteriophage, study specimens of virus
infected plants (any two).
2. Bacteria: Types through permanent slides/ photographs, specimens
of infected plants (any tow). Nostoc
3. Algae: Mount material of (a) Volvox, (b) Oedogonium, (c) Vaucheria,
(d) Polysiphonia, and (e) Ectocarpus to study vegetative and observe
reproductive structures.
4. Fungi: Mount material to study thallus and reproductive structures in
(a) Rhizopus, and (b) Penicillium. Observe specimens and permanent
slides to study (a) Albugo, (b) Puccinia, (c) Agaricus. Lichen
morphology.
5. Bryophytes: Study of (a) Marchantia from specimen and permanent
slides only, (b) Funaria: detailed study – w.m. rhizoids, leaf, operculum,
peristome, spores, permanent slides of archegonia, antheridia, and
capsule.
6. Pteridophytes: Study (a) Selaginella, (b) Equisetum: from specimens
and permanent slides only, and (c) Pteris – detailed study of T. S. of
rachis, V. S. of sporophyll, W. M. of sporangium through preparations
and permanent slides.
7. Gymnosperms: Study of Cycas and Pinus from specimens and
permanent slides only.
8. Angiosperms: Taxonomic study of characters of one plant from each
of the following families: (a) Brassicaceae, (b) Malvaceae,
(c) Solanaceae, (d) Lamiaceae, (e) Asteracea, (f) Liliaceae.
Classification according to the system of Bentham and Hooker.
83
9. Study of morphological variations/modifications of root — through
preparation/permanent slides (tap root and adventitious root-tuberous,
fasciculate, prop, stilt), stem (tuber, bulb, rhizome, runner, corm,
cladode, phylloclade) and leaf (simple, compound — pinnate, and
palmate, phyllode, tendril).
Biodiversity II: Animals
Non Chordata
1. Study of following specimen: Radiolaria/ Foraminiferan ooze, Euglena,
Noctiluca, Paramecium, Leucosolenia, Sycon, Spongilla, Physalia,
Tubipora, Aurelia, Metridium, Alcyonium Taenia, Ascaris, Nereis,
Aphrodite, Leech, Bonellia, Peripatus, Limulus, Spider, Hermitcrab,
Balanus, Daphnia, Millipede, Centipede, Beetle, Dragonfly, Bedbug,
Butterfly, Chiton, Dentalium, Aplysia, Mytilus, Octopus, Nautilus,
Asterias, Cucumaria, Echinus and Antedon.
2. Study of Permanent Slides:
- Cross section of Sycon, Sea anemone and Ascaris.
- T. S. of Earthworm passing through pharynx, gizzard, and
typhlosolar intestine.
- T. S. of arm of Star fish. Bipinnaria and Pluteus larva.
- Trochobhore.
3. Dissections
Digestive and nervous system of Earthworm, and Cockroach.
4. Temporary mounts
– Septal & pharyngeal nephridia and ovary of earthworm.
– Mouthparts and salivary apparatus of cockroach.
Chordata
5. Study of following specimens
Balanoglossus, Herdmania, Amphioxus, Petromyzon, Pristis,
Electricray, Hippocampus, Clarias, Gambusia, Labeo, Icthyophis/
Uraeotyphlus, Salamander, Rhacophorus, Chamaeleon, Draco,
84
Uromastix, Anguis, Naja, Python, Viper, model of Archaeopteryx,
3 common birds-(Crow, duck, Owl), S | |