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DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
SYLLABUS
Examination criteria :
Theory (M.Sc. Previous) :
Core courses : Duration Marks
(Hours.)
Paper I : Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic 3 60
Microorganisms
Paper II : Environmental Microbiology 3 60
Paper III : Microbial Physiology 3 60
and Biochemistry
Paper IV : Virology 3 60
PRACTICALS
Paper I : Based on Theory papers 1 & 2 8 60
Paper II : Based on Theory papers 3 & 4 8 80
Optional Courses :
One (Theory 60 Marks and Practicals/Term paper 100
Seminar—40 marks
Theory (M.Sc. Final) :
Paper V : Pathogenic Microorganisms 3 60
Paper VI : Immunology 3 60
Paper VII : Microbial and Molecular Genetics 3 60
Paper VIII : Industrial and Food Microbiology 3 60
PRACTICALS
Paper I : Based on Theory papers 5 & 6 8 80
Paper II : Based on Theory papers 7 & 8 8 80
Dissertation 100
M.Sc. Part – I:
Paper I : Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microorganisms
1. General account of prokaryotes: The place of prokaryotes in the microbial world ,
general characteristics, occurrence, nutritional types, kinetics of growth, sexual and
asexual reproduction, modes of genetic recombination conjugation, transformation,
transduction and economic importance
2. Classification of prokaryotes: Criteria, numerical taxonomy, nucleic acid
hybridization etc.
3. General characteristics of various groups of prokaryotes: Archaebacteria, eubacteriadifferent
groups, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, spirochaetes, cyanobacteria,
actinomycetes
4. Ultrastructure of a bacterial cell: Cell wall (biosynthesis of peptidoglycan), cell
membrane, capsule, cytoplasmic inclusions, external appendages, nuclear mateial,
extranuclear genetic elements, ribosomes, endospore and cysts.
5. General characteristic, structure, classification, life cycles (important forms), sexual
and asexual reproduction of yeasts and moulds; economic importance (edible
mushrooms, hallucinogenic mushrooms, toxin producing fungi, antibiotics,
bioconvesions, SCP, diseases of plants and animals, biological control and industrial
applications).
6. General characteristics, structure, different systems of classification, life cycles
(important forms), sexual and asexual reproduction, evolutionary trends in algae,
applications of algae in agriculture, industry, pharmaceutical and pollution control.
Paper II: Environmental Microbiology
I : Microorganisms in the natural environments
Microbes in terrestrial, aquatic, atmospheric and bilogical environments,
environmental selecting factors (physical, chemical and biological); microbes in the
extreme environments and their adaptations; dispersal of microorganism, and methods for
the determiantion of microbial numbers, biomass and activities.
II. Significance of microbial activities in the environment
Role of microorganisms in the cycling of bioelements (carbon, nitrogen,
phosphorus, sulphur, iron, manganese, silicon etc.); microbial degradation of pesticides
and other recalcitrant chemicals 9xenobiotics); microorganism in mineral recovery;
microbial degradation of petrolcum and hydrocarbons; biodeteriroration and control;
microbial inoculants in agricultural; biological control.
III. Microorganims and pollution
Microbial aspects of air and water pollution; microbial toxins in the envionment;
disposal/treatment of organic solid wastes, sewage and industrial effluents and air
pollutants
IV Pathogenic microorganisms in the environment
Air and water-borne diseases; sources of environmental pathogens, mode of
transmission and disinfection.
Paper III. Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry
Section A
1. Growth physiology and kinetics
2. Transport mechanisms in microbes
3. Oxygenicand anoxygenic photosynthesis
4. Heterophic CO2 assimilation: Acetogenesis, methanogenesis, and hydrogen
production
5. Nitrogen metabolism: Ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification; nitrogen
fixation-symbiotic and asymbiotic, nitrogenase, and the present status of advances in
nitrogen fixation.
6. Physiology of motility and bioluminiscence
Section B
1. Carbohydrate metabolism: various pathways underlying the utilization of different
sugars. Biosynthesis and metabolism of other intracellular storage product in
different groups of microbes. Electron transport systems, and ATP generation.
2. Biosynthesis and catabolism of amino acids; protein chemistry, purification and
sequencing.
3. Metabolism of lipids.
4. Enzymes : Nomenclature and classification, nature, active site mechanism of action,
kinetics, allosteric enzyme, muti-enzyme complexes and isozymes; ribozymes and
abzymes.
5. Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites viz. antibiotics (penicillin,,streptomycin),
alkaloids (Ergot toxins)
6. Chemistry and biosynthesis of nucleic acids.
Paper IV : VIROLOGY
1. General account: Detailed discussion of icosahedral and helical symmetries of
viruses and arrangement of capsomers. Chemical composition of viruses. Cell
structure , cultivation, purification, characterization and assay of virues. Effect of
physical and chemical agents on viruses. Classification and general properties of
major families of viruses including detailed account of their modes of replication.
The effect of virus multiplication on the host marcomolecular syntheis. Cell
transformation by tumor viruses. Oncogenes. Immune mechanisms in viral infection.
Interference and interferon’s, Epidemiology of virus infection. Principles of
diagnostic virology, statistical method in virology. Viroids. Prions.
2. Human and animal viruses : Detailed study viz., pathology, pathogenesis,
symptomatology, epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, prevention and control of
important genera of viruses causing diseases in man and animals included in the
folllowing families : Poxviridae, picornaviridae, paramyxo viridae. DNA tumor
viruses, RNA tumor viruses, AIDS.
3. Plant Viruses : Plant tissue culture, Mechanism of virus entry into plant cells.
Methods of assay of plant viruses. Biochemical changes induced by virus in plant
cellsw. Biology and mode of transmission of plant viruses. Discussion on some of the
important plant diseases caused by viruses and their control.
4. Bacteriophages : General principles of phage-bacterium interaction and growth
cycle studies of RNA and DNA phages. The biochemistry of phages infected
bacterium. Phage genetics.
5. Others : Introduction to virus pathogenic for insects, algae (including cyanophages)
andfungi.
Paper V : Pathogenic Microorganisms
Section A
Introduction to phytopathogens, symptoms, pathogenesis molecular aspects of
plant pathogens, host-pathogens interactions, host defence mechanisms, disease
forecasting and assesment of losses, prevention of epidemics, and disease control.
Detailed study of the representative examples of plant diseases casual by fungi,
algae (e.g. Cephaleuros) and bacteria may be laid on those plant diseases which have
been covered in B.Sc.)
Section B
1. Host-parasite interrelations i.e. determinants of microbial pathogenicity and
antimicrobial defenses of the host.
2. Detailed study of the following genera of pathogenic bacteria : Corynebacterium,
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, Escherichia Klebriella, Proteus,
Salmonella, Shigella, Virbrio, Camphylobacter, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter,
Yersinia, Francisella, Pasteurella, Haemophilus, Bordetella, Bacillus, Clostridium,
Mycobacterium, Actinomyces, Nocardia, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Listeria,
Legionella.
3. General description, biological properties and diseases caused by the following
groups of pathogens : Mycoplasma , L-phase variants, Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae,
Spirochetes.
4. General account of the diseases caused by pathogenic fungi: Trichophyton,
Microsporum, Epidermophyton, Sporotrichosis, Rhinosporidiosis, Mycetoma,
Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Cryptococcosis, Candidiasis and Aspergillossi.
Fungous allergies, Immunology of fungal infection.
5. Preliminary account of biology and infectious potential of protozoas :-
Pneumocystis, cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma
6. Antimicrobial spectrum and mode of action of common antibacterial (Penicillins,
Cephalosporins, Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin, Rifampicin, Tetracycline,
Erythromycin, Polymyxins, Vancomycin, Nalidixic acid, Ethambutol and
Novobiocin) and antifungal (Amphoteriin B, Nystatin, Griseofulvin, Flucytosine,
Ketoconazole) agents. Mechanisms of drug resistance in bacteria.
Paper VI : Immunology
1. General account : cells and organs of immune system. Fundamental concepts in
immunology-antibody specificity, diversity, memory and self non-self discrimination.
Theories of antibody production, Immunogenes, Immunoglobulins—fine structure
classification, function synthesis and evolutionary aspects. Membrane bound forms of
immunoglobulins. Genetic basis of antibody diversity. Hybridoma production.
Monoclonal antibodies—general properties and applications. Antigen-antibody
reactions. Complement system. Basic biology of B cells and T cells—their ontogeny,
subsets and functions. Phagocytosis. Triggering of immune reponse—both humoral
and cell mediated. Antibody formation. Mechanism of cell mediated immunity
(CMI). Mitogens. Adjuveants. Immune tolerance –developing and mechanism.
Immunosuppression. Immunological hazards of transfusion. Immunological
methods—immunofluorescence, immunoelectrophoresis, counter current
immunoeletrophoresis, RIA, ELISA and immunoblotting. Germ free animals—
general considerations.
2. Immunogentics : Structure, distribution and function of histocompatibility antigens.
Major Histocompatibility gene complex (MHC), HLA and H-2 systems. MHC
restriction. Immune response (IR) genes. HLA and disease. Immunogenetics of tissue
transplantation. HLA-typing. Mechanism of graft rejection with particular reference
to Kidney and bonemarrow transplantations. Avoidance of transplant reactions.
3. Immunopathology : Classification of immunopathological disorders. General
account of immune deficiency disorders—both primary and secondary type.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Phagocytic cell disorders.
Gammopathies. Complement deficiencies. Atopy, allergy and hypersensitiivity
(Type I, II, III, IV) reactions. Auto-immunity. Mechanism of development of
autoimmune diseases. Immunological aspects of ageing.
4. Tumor Immunology : Host-tumor interactions. Classification of tumor specific
transplantation antigens (TSTA) Host immune response to tumors, antibody
dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), Natural Killer (NK) Cells, Immune surveiliance.
Tumor escape mechanisms, blocking antibodie. Immunotherapy of cancer.
Immunotoxins.
Paper VII : Microbial and Molecular Genetics
1. Principles of microbial genetics : basic procedure and terminology, establishment of
crosses, selection and classification of variations, and cis—trans complementation.
2. Genome organization in bacteria, viruses and eukaryotic microorganisms, and nucleic
acid replication.
3. Genetic analysis of bacteria (inclusing Cyanobacteria and actinomycetes): gene
transfer—transformation, conjugation, transduction, and methods of gene mapping
4. Extra-chromosomal genetic elements and their ingeritance
5. Genetic analysis of bacteriophages including cyanophages.
6. Genetic mechanisms in algae, yeast and moulds.
7. Origin and mechanism of variations in microbes.
8. Gene-protein relationship:transcritpion, translation, genetic code, and regulatrion of
gene expression
9. Genetic engineering; recombinant DNA, restriction endonucleases, vectors, principles
of gene cloning, shot-gun, genomic and cDNA cloning, criteria for the expression of
recombinant DNA, characterization of recombinant DNA (Genetic, immunochemical
and nucleic acid hybridization methods). Sequencing of nucleic acids (Sanger’s and
Maxam and Gilbert’s methods), and applications of genetic engineering in medicine,
agriculture and industry.
Paper VIII : Industrial and Food Microbiology
I : INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
Introduction to industrial microbial covering suitability of microbes in industrial
processes and their source, types of fermentation’s and bioreactors, substrates for
industrial fermentations, growth kinetics in batch and continuous fermentation
processes, strain improvement, and recent developments in industrial microbiology.
Design of a fermentor instrumentation and control.
Methods for the recovery and purification of fermentation products (down stream
processing)
Economic aspects of fermentation processes.
Production aspects (microbial strains, substrate, flow diagrams, product optimization,
and applications) of the following :
Industrial alcohol and alcoholic beverages and glycerol; orghanic acids (citric, lactic,
acetic, propionic, gluconic, itaconic, gibberellic acids; aminoacids (glutamic, lysine,
tryptophan and asparatame); enzymes (Extracellular amylases, proteases, pectinases,
lipases, cellulases, xylanases, and intracellular-glucose isomerase, invertase,
asparaginase penicillin acylase, lactase), and immobilizedenzymes; Vitamins (Vit.
B12 and riboflavin); antibiotics--lactam(Penicillin and cephalosporin), aminoacids
(D-cycloserine) and peptide (bacitracin), tetracycline, polyenes (nystatin), aromatic
(grieseofulvin); microbial transformations fo steriods and steriols, nonsteriod
compounds and antibiotics; single cell protein; polysaccharides; recombinant DNA
products-insulin, somatostatin, interferon; and microbial insecticides.
II. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
Brief history of microorganism in food stuffs; source types and role of
microorganisms in foods; intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of foods which affect
microbial growth; methods for studying microbes and their products in food stuffs;
spoilage of fruits and vegetables, fresh and proceesed meats and poultry, and
miscellaneous foods such as eggs, bakery products, dairy products, beer and wines,
fermented foods, and canned foods; food preservation with chemicals irradiation, low and
high temperatures and drying ; manufacture of fermented foods dairy products
(acidophilus milk,cheese, yoghurt), meat and fishery products (dry sausages and fish
sauces), plant products (cocoa beans, coffee beans, olives, pickles, saur-kraut, soy sauce,
Tempeh , idli), breads, beverages (cider, sake, vineagar, palm wines); food-borne
diseases and food poisoning.
Optional Course : Introductory Microbiology
1. Introductory to microbiology: History, size, structure and occurrence of different
groups of microbes, scope, and impact of microbes on human affairs.
2. Classification of microorganisms, structure, biology and life cycles of some important
representative forms of archaebacteria, eubacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa and viruses.
3. Definition of growth, factors which influence growth; respiration, fermentations,
photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation
4. Nature of genetic material, spontaneous and induced mutations, genetic
recombination, plasmids and transposons and genetic engineering
5. Microbial diseases of plants, animals and human beings and their control; types of
immunity, antigen-antibody interactions, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity.
6. Microorganisms in terrestrial, aquatic, biological and atmospheric environments,
biogeochemical cycles, microbial leaching of metals and pollution
7. Food spoilage, food preservation, microbes in the production of food products,and
food-borne diseases
8. Principles of industrial microbiology, manufacture of baker’s yeast, alcohol, amino
acids (glutamic acid and lysine). Enzymes and antibiotics (penicillin and
streptomycin).
For more details, visit http://www.du.ac.in/course/syllabi/M.Sc.%20Microbiology.pdf
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