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BSBT5 : BIO ENERGETICS AND METABOLISM
1. ENZYMES – NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION
Definition,Terminology, Metabolic Pathways, Central Pathway, Catabolism versus Anabolism, Anaplerotic Pathways, Secondary Pathways, Regulation of Metabolic Pathway
2. BIOENERGETICS
Coupling, Concept of energy, Thermodynamics principle, Relationship between Standard Free Energy Change and Equilibrium Constant, Standard Free Energy Changes, ATP as Universal Currency of Free Energy, Free energy of Hydrolysis, Structural basis of the High Group Transfer Potential of ATP, ATP Hydrolysis, Interconversion of Adenine Nucleotides.
3. GLYCOLYSIS
General Considerations, Two phase of Glycolysis, Enzymes involved, Reactions, Reaction steps, Stoichiometry of Glycolysis, Muscle Glycolysis and Homolactic Fermentation, Alcoholic Fermentation.
4. PYRUVATE OXIDATION AND CITRIC ACID CYCLE
Three stages of Cell Respiration, Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate to acetyl –CoA, Regulation of Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate, Citric Acid Cycle, Stoichiometry of the Citric Acid Cycle, Role of water in the Citric Acid Cycle, Stereospecificity of the Citric Acid Cycle, Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle, Amphibolic Roles of the Citric Acid Cycle, Carbon Dioxide – fixation Reactions, Glyoxylate Cycle.
5. ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Electron Flow as source of ATP Energy, Site of Oxidative Phosphorylation, ATP synthetase, Electron- Transferring Reactions, Standard Oxidation, Electron Carrier, electron transport complexes, Incomplete reduction of Oxygen, Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation, Oxidation of Extramitrochondrial NADH, ATP yield and P:O Ratio, Role of Electron Transport Energy, Respiratory Inhibitors, Regulatory control among Glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation.
6. LIPID METABOLISM – OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS
Introduction, Oxidation of Fatty Acids, Oxidation of Even Chain Saturated Fatty Acids, Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Oxidation of Odd chain Fatty Acids,? Oxidation of Fatty Acids, ? Oxidation of fatty Acids, Ketogenesis, Fatty Acid Oxidation in Peroxisomes, Metabolic water.
7. LIPID METABOLISM – BIOSYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS
Nature and Distribution of Fat Stores, Biosynthesis of Fatty acids, Biosynthesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Biosynthesis of Eicosanoids,Triacylglycerols, Membrane Phospholipids,Cholestrol, Steroid Hormones.
8. AMINO ACID METABOLISM – OXIDATION OF AMINO ACIDS
Introduction, Amino Group Metabolism, Nitrogen Excretion, Pathways of Amino Acid Catabolism, Inborn error of Amino Acid Catabolism
9. AMINO ACID METABOLISM – BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS
Amino Acid Biosynthesis, Nitrogen Metabolism, Fixation of Ammonia into Amino Acids, Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Regulation of Amino Acid biosynthesis, Molecules derived from Amino Acids
10. PROTEIN METABOLISM – BIOSYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN
General Consideration, Major Breakthrough in Protein Synthesis, Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics, Phases of Protein Synthesis, The two components in Protein Synthesis, Activation of Amino Acids, Initiation of Protein Synthesis, Elongation of the Polypeptide chain, Termination of polypeptide Synthesis, Folding and processing of Polypeptide chain, Energy requirements for Peptide Bond Formation, Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis, Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis, Protein Synthesis in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, Salient features of Ribosomal Protein Synthesis, Biosynthesis of short peptides, Evolution of Protein Synthesis.
11. PROTEIN METABOLISM –PROTEIN TARGETING AND DEGRADATION
General consideration, Free and Membrane – bound Ribosomes, Signal Hypothesis, Glycosylation of Protein at the Level of ER, Envelope Carrier Hypothesis,Proteins with a Carboxyl – terminal KDEL Sequence, Bacterial Signal Sequences and Protein Targeting, Eukaryotic Protein Transport Across Membranes, Protein Import by Receptor mediated Endocytosis, Protein Degradation..
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