(5061205-A) Bio-imaging Modality
Teaching scheme: 3 lectures/week Credits: 3
Exam scheme: Paper- 100 marks
1. Physical Principals of Imaging:
Fundamentals of Physics and Radiation; Concepts of Radiation science; Radiographic definition and
Mathematics review; Electromagnetic Radiation: Photons, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Wave Particle
Duality; Interactions between Radiation and matters; Fundamentals of acoustic propagation; Interaction
between sonic beams and matter; concepts of ultrasonic diagnostics.
2. Imaging with X-Rays:
X-ray tube: The generation: Electron-Target Interactions, X-ray emission spectrum: Characteristic x-ray
spectrum, Bremsstrahlung x-ray spectrum, Factors affecting X-ray Emission Spectrum: Effect of mA, kVp,
added filtration; X-ray unit: generators, filters and grids; Image intensifiers; X-ray detectors: Screen film
detector, Image Intensifier; Radiographic techniques, quality and exposure.
3. X-ray Diagnostic Methods:
Fluoroscopy: Fluoroscopy and Visual Physiology, Image intensifier tube and Multifield intensification;
Angiography: Arterial access, Catheters, Contrast media; Mammography: Soft tissue radiography,
Equipments: Target composition, Filtration grids, Photo timers, Image receptors; Xero radiography; Digital
radiography; 3-D construction of images.
4. Computed Tomography:
Operational modes: First generation scanners, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth generation scanners; System
components: Gantry, Collimation; High Voltage generators; Image characteristics: Image matrix, CT
numbers; Image reconstruction; Image Quality: Spatial resolution, Contrast resolution, System noise,
Linearity, Spatial Uniformity.
5. Imaging with Ultrasonography:
Piezoelectric effect; Ultrasonic transducers: Mechanical and Electrical matching,; The characteristics of
transducer beam: Huygens principle, Beam profiles, Pulsed ultrasonic filed, Visualization and mapping of
the Ultrasonic field; Doppler effect-Doppler methods; Pulse echo systems[Amplitude mode, Brightness
mode, Motion mode &Constant depth mode]; Tissue characterization: velocity, Attenuation or absorption,
Scattering.
6. Developments in Ultrasound technique:
Color Doppler flow imaging: CW Doppler imaging device, Pulsed Doppler imaging system, clinical
applications; Intracavity imaging: Design of the Phased array probe, Trans oesophageal, Tannsvaginal or
Transrectal scanning; Ultrasound contrast media: Utilization of micro air bubbles, galactose microparticles
and albumin encapsulated microairbubbles; 3-D image reconstruction; 2-D echo cardiography
7. Biological effects of Radiation and Ultrasound and its protection:
Modes of Biological effects: Composition of the body and Human response to Ionizing radiation; Physical
and Biological factors affecting Radiosensitivity, Radiation Dose-response relationships; Time variance of
radiation exposure; Thermal / Nonthermal effects due to cavitation in ultrasound fields; Designing of
radiation protections and its procedures.
8. Advances in Imaging:
Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging,
Introduction to MRI, Imaging Pulse sequence, Limitations of MRI,
Radionuclide Imaging, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Positron Emission Tomography.
Physics of thermography,.
Text/Reference Books:
1. K. Kirk Shung, Michael B. Smith, Benjamin Tsui, ‘Principles of Medical Imaging’ (Academic Press)
2. Stewart C. Bushong, ‘Radiologic science for Technologists’, (Mosby: A Harcourt Health Sciences
Company)
3. Jeffery Papp, ‘Quality Management: In the Imaging Sciences’, (Mosby: A Harcourt Health Sciences
Company)
4. Christensens , ‘Physics of Diagnostic Radiology’, 4Rev Ed edition (Lea & Febiger,U.S.), (Jun 1990)
5. David J. Dowsett, Patrick A. Kemmy, R. Eugene Jhnston, ‘The Physics of Diagnostic imaging’ , Second
Edition, (A Hodder Arnold Publication)
6. W.J. Meredith & J. B. Massey, ‘Fundamental physics of radiology’ (Varghese Publisher)
7. Jole Pierce Jones, ‘Acoustic Imaging’, (Plenum Publishing)
Reference http://www.unipune.ernet.in/stud_info/Syllabi/Syllabus_2008.html
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