Infectious Diseases And Vaccination Schedule for Child And Its Significance

Posted Date: 14 Jan 2009	Resource Type: Articles/Knowledge Sharing	Category: Health
Author: drsachin	Member Level: Diamond
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Tetanus

This is caused by Clostridium tetani, an anaerobic organism. Unhealthy wound is a risk factor. Tetanus means lock jaw due to muscle spasm. This is an acute fatal disease.

CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI And PATHOGENESIS

Organism enters the body through wound and produces toxin which reaches
central nervous system . This leads to muscle spasms and other signs and symptoms.

Incubation period

Ranges from 3 days to 3 weeks.

Complications

1. Asphyxia

2. Laryngospasm

3. Convulsions related injuries- fractures

4. Death

Tetanus toxoid

It is a formaldehyde treated toxin. Adsorbed toxoid is preferred as it gives long lasting immunity.
This is given to all children between 2 months and 6 years of age to protect (immunize) against tetanus infection .
Schedule For DtaP primary vaccination
1st at 2 months
2nd at 4 months
3rd at 6 months
4th 15 – 18 months

Booster Doses

May be needed at the time of injury

Where It is Given

Upper arm intramuscular deltoid muscle is the commonest site.

What adverse effects can occur?

These are generally mild.

Local adverse effects

1. Irritation

2. Swelling,

3. Redness

4. Bruising with pain

5. Lump at the injection site

6. Itching

Systemic side effects

1. Malaise

2. Low grade fever

3. Itching.

DPT Vaccine

Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus

DTaP Vaccine

Diphtheria
Acellular Pertussis
Tetanus

Management Of Tetanus

1. Wound cleaning and surgical debridement is extremely important.

2. Metronidazole and penicillin treatment are useful to some extent.

Rx Of Mild tetanus

1. Tetanus immuno-globulins IV ( intravenous) or IM ( intramuscular)

2. Tetanus toxoid

3. Metronidazole intravenous

4. Sedation to prevent injuries due to convulsions

Rx Of Severe tetanus

1. Hospitalisation

2. Tetanus immuno-globulins intrathecally

3. Tracheostomy and artificial ventilation

4. Sedation

Myths About Tetanus

Laymen often think that rust on an iron surface causes tetanus if one gets injured with such an object. Actually any injury whether it is due to a rusty nail or normal nail can cause tetanus as it breaches the skin and anaerobic organisms can get penetrated.

Read more about vaccines at
Hepatitis-B-vaccine

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Infectious Diseases . Tetanus toxoid . Tetanus . Vaccination Schedule for Child . Anaerobic organisms . Penicillin . Metronidazole . Tetanus immuno-globulins . DPT and DTaP vaccine .

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