My Profile
Active Members
TodayLast 7 Days
more...
Awards & Gifts
Online Exams
Fresher Jobs
Our fresher job section is exclusively for fresh graduates! Find jobs for freshers in major Indian
cities including Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune or Kochi
Resources
Find educational articles, blogs, discussion threads and other resources.
Colleges
Find details about any college in India or search for courses.
|
Resources » Articles/Knowledge Sharing » Education »
Industrial Revolution - Mass Production, Fordism & Taylorism
|
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
MASS-PRODUCTION
Industrial Revolution – Industrial production
The keynote of Industrial Revolution is the introduction of machines towards bulk production of objects; namely mass-production.
Mass-production
- Features of mass-production :
(a) manufactured in great numbers - large-scale production of goods
(b) speed in production – more objects produced in less time
(c) standardization
- Fundamental concepts of machine production/ mass-production :
(a) division of labour
(b) specialism
(c) control over production at every stage
(d) precision in methods of execution
(e) pre-determined form
(f) manual-labour saving
- Emergence of industrial designer as a profession
(a) ‘in-house’ designers, belonging to organisations which usually may have a team of designers
(b) Independent, consultant designers designing for multi various objects and for various organizations.
(c) Keynote of industrial design is the separation of concept from manufacture or realisation.
Moving assembly lines:
 
In the context of manufacture, the most significant changes occurred in the first decade of the twentieth century. Fordism and Taylorism are concepts of utmost importance in entrenching mass-production as the terminal result of Industrial Revolution on the one hand, and as the immediate need and lure of the buyers on the other. The twin concepts of Taylorism and Fordism developed in the United States in the early years of the twentieth century and became highly influential throughout the industrialized world, and were important facets of America’s dominance in economic mass- production in the inter-war years.
TAYLORISM
Taylorism was a system which sought to achieve industrial efficiency on the factory floor. Frederick Winslow Taylor introduced a system of paying labor in time-and-motion studies and a wage system based on their personal performance. In the late nineteenth century Taylor broke down, through a series of ‘time and motion studies, work place activities into their most efficient constituent parts.
Taylor published his principles and ideas in United States of America, in 1911, in the book titled ‘Principles of Scientific Management’. The main elements of the Scientific Management are: time studies.
Taylor's gospel of "Taylorism" would become the standard for businesses worldwide. Taylorism was subsequently employed to several areas of human activity with consequent implications for design, such as planning of efficient labour-saving kitchens and domestic equipment.
FORDISM
Henry Ford pioneered the modern model of mass production, called Fordism, which is often said the development of the first moving assembly lines. Fordism related to Henry Ford’s introduction of the moving assembly line for the Model T Ford automobile in his factory at Michigan in 1913. The assembly line increased labor productivity and permitted stunning price cuts in Ford cars: from $780 in 1910 to $360 in 1914. Fordism thus involved showed as standardizing a product and manufacturing it by mass means that common man could afford to buy it. at a price so low.
Fordism displaced predominantly craft-based production in which skilled laborers are showed control over their work.
The methods of mass-production introduced by Henry Ford for the manufacture of his ‘Model T’ car in the United States of America involved the concepts of the standarization and integration of the production line that were adopted through out the industrialized world. Fordism had obvious wider implications for standardized mass-production, and thus patterns of consumption, throughout the industrialized world.
The formation of the ‘neo- rich’ who had made their wealth through factory production or commercial ventures – selling the mass-produced goods- sought an ostentatious life that would display their riches and proclaim their higher status in society.
During the nineteenth century manufacturers’ there is more exploitation of new techniques and materials are accessible easily a to middle-class s compared to the last years This is also giving wide range of styles. The elite of the past had purchased / or commissioned furniture, furnishings and domestic equipment which were the products of the skills and talents of individual craftsmen. This new class of widely available mass-produced goods was made possible through such processes as electroplating, stamping and moulding ; and the exploration of materials such as papier-mâché or cast-iron which possessed rich possibilities for the imitation of the more expensive and individually-produced artefacts and the lavish fabrication of decorative detailing.
Scenario in the late nineteenth century
- Victorian aesthetics : rich ornamentation; elaborate forms
- Industrial Exhibitions : Publicity of machinery, ‘gateways of mass production’ and new portals of commerce
- Birth of Modern Architecture
- Urban centres : New Cities : Paris, Vienna, Glasgow, Brussels, Barcelona, and Chicago
- New pattern of life
Britain :
- In Britain industrial design is informed by products in imitation of the objects used or collected by the elite.
- Poor standards of British manufacture and economic crisis causes serious concerns.
- Britain looses its importance as ‘workshop of the world’. Many countries in Europe especially Germany and the United States of America become strongholds of industrialisation. Their superior industrial strategy was clearly identified in a Royal Commission of 1886 and by the turn of the century, economic and industrial comparisons were being made frequently in the British journals and other publications.
Nuremberg car – 1649 ; Operated by a clock spring
One of the consequences of Industrial Revolution as it fructified in mass-production was the external appearances of things of everyday use. The preference for elaborate forms and rich surface ornamentation lingered from the past and techniques were innovated to cater to that taste and preferences. There were many others, design theorists among them, who believed that the forms should reflect the speedy and accurate production in great numbers by the machines. They propounded that the objects designed specifically to fulfill a particular function were bound to be beautiful. Design debates ensued and measures were taken to create an awareness of ‘machine aesthetic’ among people at large.
1913 & 1930-35
 
Buick 9 -1950-53
Source : http://www.willamette.edu/~fthompso/MgmtCon/The_Fordist_State.html
Twentieth century design Book by by Jonathan M. Woodham - 1997
|
Responses
|
No responses found. Be the first to respond and make money from revenue sharing program.
|
|
Advertise Here
|