A noun is said to be singular (or in the singular number) if it is refers to one person or thing. For example:
Girl, doll, bus, knife are singular.
A noun is said to be plural (or in the plural number) if it is refers to more than one person or thing. For example:
Girls, dolls, buses, knives are plural.
Only countable can have a plural form
Formation of plurals
Rule (1) The plural of the most of the nouns is formed by adding - s to the singular form. For example:
Cow – Cows Tree – Trees
Rule (2) Nouns ending in a hissing sounds (nouns ending in - s, ss, sh, ch and x add –es to the singular form. For example:
Gas – Gases Dish – Dishes Watch – Watches
Rule (3) Most nouns ending in - o also form their plural by adding –es to the singular form. For example:
Mango – Mangoes Hero – Heroes
However, some nouns that end in o form their plural in the normal way. For example:
Bamboo – Bamboos Stereo – Stereos
Rule (4) Nouns ending in - f and fe form their plural by changing the f or fe into -ves to the singular form. For example:
Calf – Calves Wife – Wives
However some words ending in - f form their plural in the normal way. For example:
Proof – Proofs Chief – Chiefs
Rule (5) Nouns ending in - y and the y has a consonant before it its plural is formed by changing the y into -ies to the singular form. For example:
Baby – Babies Diary – Diaries However some words ending in - y has vowel before it, its form their plural in the normal way by adding s . For example:
Boy – Boys Valley –Valleys
Rule (6) A few nouns form their plural by changing the inside vowel or vowels of the singular. For example:
Foot – Feet Tooth – Teeth
Rule (7) If a noun consist of several words, the - s is added to the first word. For example:
Maid –servant – Maid – servants Passer – by – Passers - by
Some other rules for the plural nouns
1. Deer, sheep, dozen, score and fish have the same in the singular as well as the plural. For example:
The wolf killed a sheep (singular) The wolf killed several sheep (plural)
2. Scissors, spectacles, trousers, shorts, clothes are used in plural form always. For example:
My spectacles need to be change.
3. Cattle and people have the appearance of a singular noun. But they are used as plural. We use plural verbs with them. For example:
The cattle are grazing in the field. (Plural verb are is used here)
4. Mathematics, politics, news and innings look to be plural. But they are used as singular nouns. For example:
We won the match by an innings and sixty runs. (The article an is used with singular noun)
5. Figures and letters are made plural by adding -‘s . For example:
Add two 4's to three 2's
6. Abstract nouns like love, beauty and anger are not countable so they do not have any plural form.
7. Names of the substances or materials like iron, copper, milk, stone, and sugar are also not countable so they are used in singular forms only.
Sample Usage
Example for rule (1)
Train – Trains Year – Years
Example for rule (2)
Match – Matches Fox – Foxes
Example for rule (3)
Negro – Negroes Potato – Potatoes
Example for rule (4)
Shelf - Shelves Life – Lives
Example for rule (5)
Pony - Ponies Country – Countries
Example for rule (6)
Man – Men Washer man - Washer men
Example for rule (7)
Son- in – Law – Sons –in- laws Step – mother – Step- mothers
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